Cancer

B cell lymphoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Clinical significance and detection of microRNA 21 in serum of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma in Chinese population. Circulating miR-21 level in sera from patients with DLBCLwas associated with matched tumor tissue r2 = 0.931 P < 0.0001. Consistent with the in vitro miR-21 expression levels in serum of patients with DLBCL 21.3810.26-45.21 were higher than those in serum of control cases 1.871.05-3.97; U = 168 P = 0.000. Compared with relapse-free survival in patients with DLBCL high expression of miR-21 was associated with well prognosis U = 259 P = 0.035. miR-21 expressed in the serum of patients with DLBCL from Chinese was associated with clinical stage molecular subgroup and prognosis estimates. miR-21 may be served as a biomarker in early diagnosis genotyping treatment options and prognosis estimating of Chinese DLBCL

Pubmed

24400911

Method

Cancer

B cell lymphoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Expression and clinical significance of miR 21 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The expression levels of miR-21 in 26 primary DLBCL and 10 normal lymph node tissue specimens were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that the expression of miR-21 was significantly higher in tumor tissues 6.5861.1038.22 than that in normal tissues 0.791 0.352.87 P < 0.05. The high expression of miR-21 was positively correlated with the level of serum LDH. The expression level of miR-21 in patients with Ann Arbor III-IV stage was obviously higher than that of patients with Ann Arbor I-II stage but did not correlate with the subtype of patients in clinic P > 0.05. It is concluded that the expression of miR-21 is high in DLBCL and its overexpression may be related with poor prognosis of DLCBL

Pubmed

24763002

Method

qPCR

Cancer

bladder cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

To investigate a potential alteration in the expression levels of transforming growth factor β TGF-β and miR-21 in bladder cancer tissues. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR method we examined a potential correlated expression of miR-21 and TGF-β variants in 30 bladder tumors and their marginal/non-tumor biopsy specimens obtained from the same patients. Our data revealed a significant down-regulation of TGF-β variants P = .03 along with a non-significant alteration in the expression of miR-21 in tumor vs non-tumor samples. However in contrast to low-grade tumors the expression of miR-21 was upregulated in high-grade ones and the expression level can efficiently discriminate low-grade tumors from high-grade ones P = .03. In accordance to the observed similarity between TGF-β variants and miR-21 gene expression alterations in bladder tumors treating 5637 bladder cancer cell line with TGF-β recombinant protein caused a significant upregulation of miR-21. The later finding further confirmed a correlated expression of TGF-β and miR-21 in bladder tumors

Pubmed

24078506

Method

qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA miR 21 overexpression in human breast cancer is associated with advanced clinical stage lymph node metastasis and patient poor prognosis. To investigate the global expression profile of miRNAs in primary breast cancer BC and normal adjacent tumor tissues NATs and its potential relevance to clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival the genome-wide expression profiling of miRNAs in BC was investigated using a microarray containing 435 mature human miRNA oligonucleotide probes. The most significantly up-regulated miRNAs hsa-mir-21 miR-21 was quantitatively analyzed by TaqMan real-time PCR in 113 BC tumors. Interestingly among the 113 BC cases high level expression of miR-21 was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage P = 0.006 Fisher's exact text lymph node metastasis P = 0.007 Fisher's exact text and shortened survival of the patients hazard ratio HR=5.476 P < 0.001. This study could identify the differentiated miRNAs expression profile in BC and reveal that miR-21 overexpression was correlated with specific breast cancer biopathologic features such as advanced tumor stage lymph node metastasis and poor survival of the patients indicating that miR-21 may serve as a molecular prognostic marker for BC and disease progression

Pubmed

18812439

Method

Microarray; qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Clinical significance of miR 21 expression in breast cancer: SYBR Green I based real time RT PCR study of invasive ductal carcinoma. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is up-regulated in many malignant tumors including breast cancer. Matched non-tumor and tumor tissues of 40 human invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were analyzed for miR-21 expression by stem-loop real-time RT-PCR based on SYBR-Green I. The stem-loop real-time RT-PCR based on SYBR-Green I was sensitive and specific enough to detect miR-21. Expression levels of miR-21 were significantly higher in tumor tissues than the levels in matched non-tumor tissues P=0.000. Up-regulated miR-21 expression was associated with lymph node positivity P=0.01 higher proliferation index ki67>10% P=0.03 and advanced breast cancer TNM clinical stage P=0.021

Pubmed

19212625

Method

qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The microRNA-21 gene miR-21 has been reported to be highly expressed in various solid tumors including breast cancer

Pubmed

19308091

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

A key oncomir in carcinogenesis is miR-21 which is consistently up-regulated in a wide range of cancers. However few functional studies are available for miR-21 and few targets have been identified. In this study we explored the role of miR-21 in human breast cancer cells and tissues and searched for miR-21 targets. Using LNA silencing combined to microarray technology and target prediction we screened for potential targets of miR-21 and validated direct targets by using luciferase reporter assay and Western blot. These results suggest that inhibitory strategies against miR-21 using peptide nucleic acids PNAs-antimiR-21 may provide potential therapeutic applications in breast cancer treatment

Pubmed

21219636

Method

Microarray

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Forty-nine primary triple-negative breast cancer cases along with 34 matched tumor-associated normal samples were investigated for the expression of 9 miRNAs using qPCR. Relationships between the expression of miR-10b miR-21 miR-122a miR-145 miR-205 miR-210 miR-221 miR-222 and miR-296 and the pathologic features of the tumors were examined as were the influences of miR expression on patient overall and cancer-specific survival. miR-21 miR-210 and miR-221 were significantly overexpressed whereas miR-10b miR-145 miR-205 miR-122a were significantly underexpressed in the triple-negative primary breast cancers. There was a non-significant trend for high expression levels of the microRNAs miR-21 miR-210 miR-221 and miR-222 to be associated with worse patient disease-free and overall survival. miR-21 miR-210 and miR-221 expression plays a significant role in triple- negative primary breast cancers

Pubmed

21270527

Method

qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

High expression of miR 21 in tumor stroma correlates with increased cancer cell proliferation in human breast cancer. Micro RNAs are often aberrantly expressed in cancer and microRNA-21 is upregulated in a variety of cancers including breast cancer. High miR-21 levels have been associated with poor prognosis. To determine the cellular localization of miR-21 and to compare its expression levels with histopathological features we performed in situ hybridization and semi-quantitative assessment of the miR-21 signal on 12 LN negative grade I assumed low risk and 12 LN positive grade II high risk breast cancers. Our results indicate that miR-21 may contribute to improve clinical stratification according to growth rate and facilitate tailored treatment of breast cancer patients

Pubmed

21917003

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA expression profiles have been used for the classification and prognostication of breast cancer numerous significantly upregulated microRNAs i.e miR-21 have been verified oncogenic in non-TNBCs. It was shown that miR-21 expression is upregulated generally and heterogeneous in TNBC specimens posing a correlation with poor prognosis for TNBC patients. Therefore our finding emphasized the oncogenic role of miR-21 in TNBC

Pubmed

24930006

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Differential expression of miR 139 miR 486 and miR 21 in breast cancer patients sub classified according to lymph node status. One of the most consistently up-regulated miRNAs is miR-21. Both microarray and RT-qPCR techniques were used to assess miRNA expression levels in lymph node-positive and -negative human invasive ductal carcinoma tissues. miR-486-5p and miR-139-5p were found to be down-regulated in patients with lymph node metastases whereas miR-21 was found to be up-regulated in patients with a positive lymph node status. Down-regulation of miR-486-5p and miR-139-5p in conjunction with up-regulation of miR-21 may represent a useful signature for the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients

Pubmed

25027758

Method

qPCR; Microarray

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Stem-loop real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of miR-145 miR-21 miR-10b miR-125a and miR-206 in 35 cases of breast cancer and adjacent normal breast tissues and to analyze the relationship of miRNAs expression with clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for the detection of HER-2 and TOP 2A. MiR-21 and miR-10b expression in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues P<0.05. MiR-21 in post-menstrual patients with lymph node metastasis was highly expressed P<0.05 and had no correlations with tumor size ER PR and TOP 2A expression. MiR-145 miR-21 miR-10b miR-125a and miR-206 may play important roles in breast cancer development and invasion

Pubmed

25047098

Method

qPCR; in situ hybridization

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Among these we identified miRNAs previously associated with cell motility let-7 family and distant metastasis hsa-miR-21. In addition hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-21 were deregulated in metastatic cases of CSI and CSII. Between them hsa-miR-183 was the most significative of CSII which miRNAs combination for CSII hsa-miR-494 hsa-miR-183 and hsa-miR-21 was significant and were a more effective risk marker compared to the single miRNAs. Women with metastatic breast cancer especially CSII presented up-regulated levels of miR-183 miR-494 and miR-21 which were associated with a poor prognosis

Pubmed

25277099

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Stromal expression of miR 21 identifies high risk group in triple negative breast cancer. Expression of miR-21 an oncomiR is frequently altered and may be distinctly expressed in the tumor stroma. Because tumor lesions are a complex mixture of cell types we hypothesized that analysis of miR-21 expression at single-cell resolution could provide more accurate information to assess disease recurrence risk and BC-related death. We implemented a fully automated tissue slide-based assay to detect miR-21 expression in 988 patients with BC. These findings suggest that the context of altered miR-21 expression provides clinically relevant information. Importantly miR-21 expression was predominantly up-regulated and potentially prognostic in the tumor stroma of TNBC

Pubmed

25440114

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Serum microRNA 21 as a potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis. Serum microRNA-21 miR-21 expression has been shown to be significantly up-regulated in breast cancer which implies that it could be a biomarker to discriminate breast cancer patients from healthy controls. We therefore performed this meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic value of miR-21 for breast cancer. This meta-analysis suggests that miR-21 is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of breast cancer with high sensitivity and specificity and its clinical application warrants further investigation

Pubmed

25516467

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Upregulation of miR-21 microRNA-21 and downregulation of miR-34b/c have been found in breast cancer BC. Here we report that miR-21 levels were inversely correlated with miR-34b/c levels in BC. We also found upregulation of circulating miR-21 and downregulation of circulating miR-34b/c in BC patients' serum. These results suggest that high circulating levels of miR-21 and low levels of miR-34b/c may provide potential biomarkers for BC diagnosis and systemic delivery of miR-34b/c has potential as a therapeutic option for BC treatment

Pubmed

25647415

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Circulating miR-21 is upregulated in breast cancer. However correlation of miR-21 expression with clinic pathologic characteristics remains questionable. 89 % patients were associated with upregulation of miR-21 compared with health control. Furthermore 59.5 % metastatic breast cancer patients were shown both abnormal miR-21 and true CTCs positive according to distribution of true CTCs positive and abnormal miR-21; Combination of miR-21 and CTCs was increased specificity of metastatic detection to 100 %. Our findings suggested that combination of miR-21 with CTCs marker could be used for better diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer in the future

Pubmed

25669446

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Prediction of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients based on microRNA 21 expression: a meta analysis. MicroRNA-21 miRNA-21 or miR-21 may act as a prognostic biomarker of cancer. Data were extracted from studies that investigated the association between miR-21 expression and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients. Further investigation demonstrated that a high miR-21 expression can predict poor overall survival OS HR = 2.57 95% CI: 1.37-4.81 P = 0.003 and shortened disease-free/recurrence-free survival DFS/RFS HR = 1.45 95% CI: 1.16-1.82 P = 0.001 in breast cancer patients. Moreover high miR-21 expression was significantly correlated with lowered OS in the Asian group HR = 5.07 95% CI: 2.89-8.92 P < 0.001 but not in the Caucasian cohort HR = 1.44 95% CI: 0.99-2.10 P = 0.058. Furthermore odds ratios ORs showed that up-regulated miR-21 levels were associated with multiple clinical characteristics. Our results indicated that miR-21 can predict unfavorable prognoses in breast cancer patients especially in Asians

Pubmed

25706383

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In this study we reported that miR-21 was highly expressed in CCR6+ Tregs in tumor tissues from a murine breast cancer model. Finally we further revealed that miR-21 was also highly expressed on CCR6+ Tregs in clinical breast cancer patients. Therefore miR-21 can act as a fine tuner in the regulation of PTEN/Akt pathway transduction in the expansion of CCR6+ Tregs in tumor sites and provided a novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for promoting T-cell immunity by regulating distinct subset of Tregs through targeting specific miRNAs

Pubmed

25735723

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA-21 miR-21 on chromosome 17q21.3 is one of the most up-regulated microRNAs in cancer that silences multiple target genes involved in cancer-signaling pathways. miR-21 was up-regulated 12.9-fold in BC tissues compared with normal adjacent tissue

Pubmed

26342497

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

High expression levels of miR 21 and miR 210 predict unfavorable survival in breast cancer: a systemic review and meta analysis. A total of 41 articles including 27 types of miRNAs were found regarding prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer survival of which micRNA-21 miR-21 was the most-studied specific miRNA that appeared repeatedly among the selected classifiers. For the studies evaluating miR-21's association with clinical outcomes the median HR in the studies was 2.32 interquartile range IQR = 1.04-3.40 and the pooled HR suggested that high expression of miR-21 has a negative impact on overall survival OS; HR = 1.46 95% CI 1.25-1.70; p<0.05 and disease/recurrence-free survival in breast cancer HR = 1.49 95% CI 1.17-1.90; p<0.01. Moreover specific miRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-210 can predict poor survival rates in breast cancer patients

Pubmed

26349663

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Diagnostic prognostic and predictive value of MicroRNA 21 in breast cancer patients their daughters and healthy individuals. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 located on 17q23.1 expressed in breast cancer has anti-apoptotic ability and causes tumor cell growth. The primary objective of the study was to identify presence of miR-21 in the serum levels of stage III invasive ductal carcinoma patients and compare its expression with age matched healthy individuals and daughters of index cases. Serum tests were run on Real Time quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR threshold cycle was determined and fold change calculated.Normality of continuous variables was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk's test groups compared by student t-test Mann-Whitney test and Fisher exact test P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. We observed that miR-21 was significantly higher in cases as compared to control A and B P = 0.001 however control B showed significant gene expression as compared to control A P = 0.001. High expression of miR-21 in females with stage III invasive ductal carcinoma had been calculated as compared to its age matched healthy subjects. Expression of miR-21 in daughters of the cases was significantly higher as compared to healthy controls but lesser than females with invasive intraductal carcinoma. This result strengthens the concept of inheritability of disease with prediction of miR-21 as a potentially strong diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of breast cancer

Pubmed

26396924

Method

Reverse transcription PCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Advances in Research on miR 21 and Breast Cancer. The miR-21 has recently been found to be highly expressed in solid tumors than normal tissue and it has exposed some layers of gene expression regulation that becomes a hot topic of breast cancer. This paper briefly reviews advances in research on miR-21 in breast cancer

Pubmed

26486006

Method

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

A key oncomir in carcinogenesis is miR-21 which is consistently upregulated in a wide range of cancers. However few functional studies are available for miR-21 and few targets have been identified. In this study we explored the role of miR-21 in human breast cancer cells and searched for miR-21 targets.Total RNA from breast cancer tissue and corresponding adjacent normal tissue was extracted and used to detect miR-21 expression by quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR followed by analysis of the correlation between gonad hormone indices in peripheral blood and miR-21 expression in cancerous tissues from the same patients. We found that expression of miR-21 increased from normal through benign to cancerous breast tissues

Pubmed

26549725

Method

qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The function of MiR 21 expression differences and pathogenesis on familial and triple negative breast Cancer serum. This paper is to detect the expression differences of serum miR-21 in breast cancer in order to further clarify the function of miR-21 in familial and TNBC pathogenesis of breast cancer. Nematodes were taken as the external reference real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection were taken for expression level of miR-21 in 77 cases of serum. The miR-21 expression level of familial breast cancer group TNBC group and breast cancer high risk group were significantly higher than that in normal control group and other breast cancer group P<0.01. Serum miR-21 expression level was associated with lymph node metastasis and Ki67 high expression P<0.01. Results had proved that serum miR-21 expression quantity increased in familial breast cancer and TNBC and was correlated with lymph node metastasis and Ki67 expression. Serum miR-21 was closed related with TNBC and familial breast cancer. The relative expression quantity of miR-21 in breast cancer serum had no obvious relation with unilateral or bilateral tumor and menstrual situation

Pubmed

27113307

Method

qPCR

Cancer

breast cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Serum microRNA 21 expression as a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for breast cancer patients. Seventy-five histopathologically confirmed newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were included in the study; before and after therapy patient's blood sample were collected and analyzed for serum microRNA-21 expression by quantitative real-time PCR. In patients 8.9 mean fold increased microRNA-21 expression was observed compared to controls. MicroRNA-21 expression could be used as promising predictive indicators for breast cancer prognosis. MicroRNA-21 over-expression was associated with response to neoadjuvant therapy and may perhaps be considered as primary treatment choice

Pubmed

27696295

Method

qPCR

Cancer

cervical and endocervical cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Increased exosomal microRNA 21 and microRNA 146a levels in the cervicovaginal lavage specimens of patients with cervical cancer. The cervical cancer-derived exosomes were enriched in the cervicovaginal lavages specimens and the abundance of exosomes and exosomal microRNAs was detected by electron microscopy western blot analysis RT-qPCR and microRNA target reporter vector. The microRNA-21 and microRNA-146a which were up-regulated in cervical cancer patients were associated with the high levels of cervical cancer-derived exosomes

Pubmed

24406730

Method

qPCR

Cancer

cervical and endocervical cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Although multiple miRNAs are found involved in radioresistance development in HR-HPV positive + cervical cancer only limited studies explored the regulative mechanism of the miRNAs miR-21 is one of the miRNAs significantly upregulated in HR-HPV + cervical cancer is also significantly associated with radioresistance. However the detailed regulative network of miR-21 in radioresistance is still not clear. In this study we confirmed that miR-21 overexpression was associated with higher level of radioresistance in HR-HPV + cervical cancer patients and thus decided to further explore its role

Pubmed

25769949

Method

Cancer

cervical and endocervical cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Vote-counting analysis showed that up-regulation was most consistently reported for miR-20a and miR-21 four studies followed by miR-10a miR-15b miR-20b miR-141 miR-200a and miR-224 three studies

Pubmed

25920605

Method

Cancer

cervical and endocervical cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

This study aimed to characterize the miR-21 and evaluated its clinical significance. The expression levels of the miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with U6 as the internal reference gene. We compared the expression of miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p between study group and control groups the association between miRNA expression level and clinicopathological factors was investigated. The expression of miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p in HPV positive cervical cancer samples was significantly upregulated compared to that in the paired normal samples P < 0.05; A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of miR-21 was associated with clinicopathological parameters including depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. MiR-21 upregulation is associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in cervical cancer which suggests that miR-21 might be identified as an independent marker for predicting the clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients

Pubmed

26261606

Method

Cancer

cervical and endocervical cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

However the underlying mechanism of miR-21 upregulation in radioresistant cervical cancer has not been fully understood. How autophagy affects radiosensitivity in cervical cancer and how miR-21 is involved in this process has not been reported. This study showed that miR-21 upregulation in radioresistant cervical cancer is related to HIF-1α overexpression

Pubmed

27220494

Method

Cancer

colon cancer

Regulation

downregulation

Reporting

Downregulation of TGFβR2 could be attributed to decreased expression of the receptor as evidenced by reduction in the activity of the luciferase gene construct comprising TGFβR2-3' untranslated region UTR sequence that binds to miR-21. Moreover we observed that downregulation of miR-21 enhances luciferase-TGFβR2-3' UTR activity suggesting TGFβR2 as being one of the direct targets of miR-21

Pubmed

22072622

Method

Cancer

colon cancer

Regulation

downregulation

Reporting

Microarray analyses of miRNAs in exosome-enriched fractions of serum samples from 88 primary CRC patients and 11 healthy controls were performed. The expression levels of selected miRNAs were also validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses of an independent set of 13 CRC patients. The serum exosomal levels of seven miRNAs let-7a miR-1229 miR-1246 miR-150 miR-21 miR-223 and miR-23a were significantly higher in primary CRC patients even those with early stage disease than in healthy controls and were significantly down-regulated after surgical resection of tumors

Pubmed

24705249

Method

Microarray; qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Altered expression of miR 21 miR 31 miR 143 and miR 145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. In our study the expression levels of miR-21 miR-31 miR-143 and miR-145 in 29 primary colorectal carcinomas and 6 non-tumor adjacent tissue specimens were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels of analyzed miRNAs significantly differed among tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues: miR-21 p = 0.0001 and miR-31 p = 0.0006 were upregulated and miR-143 p = 0.011 and miR-145 p = 0.003 were downregulated in tumors. For the first time a high expression of miR-21 was associated with lymph node positivity p = 0.025 and the development of distant metastases p = 0.009 in CRC patients. Thus expression of miR-21 correlated with CRC clinical stage p = 0.032. Our results suggest possible roles of miR-21 miR-31 miR-143 and miR-145 in CRC

Pubmed

18196926

Method

qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization analysis of miR 21 expression during colorectal cancer development. To better understand microRNA miR-21 function in carcinogenesis we analyzed miR-21 expression patterns in different stages of colorectal cancer development using in situ hybridization ISH. In the surgical samples miR-21 expression was much higher in colorectal cancers than in normal mucosa. Strong miR-21 expression was also observed in cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts suggesting miR-21 induction by cancer-secreted cytokines. In the endoscopic samples miR-21 expression was very high in malignant adenocarcinomas but was not elevated in nontumorigenic polyps. Precancerous adenomas also frequently showed miR-21 up-regulation. Using the LNA-ISH system for miRNA detection miR-21 was detectable in precancerous adenomas. The frequency and extent of miR-21 expression increased during the transition from precancerous colorectal adenoma to advanced carcinoma. This pattern may have clinical application as a biomarker for colorectal cancer development and might be emphasized by self-reinforcing regulatory systems integrated with the miR-21 gene which has been previously shown in cell culture

Pubmed

19509156

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Clinicopathological significance of microRNA 21 and miR 125 expression in colorectal cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to examine the expression of miR-21 and miR-125 in 100 primary CRC specimens which were diagnosed and operated in West China Hospital between 2006 and 2007 in comparison with the corresponding normal mucosa specimens. The expression of miR-21 in CRC was up-regulated by 2.3 times compared to normal mucosa P =0.025 while the expression of miR-125 was down-regulated by 3.3 times in comparison with normal mucosa P =0.005. Furthermore the expression of miR-21 was related to TNM stage P =0.028 and local invasion P =0.023. The over-expression of miR-21 may play a role in the development and progression of CRC while miR-125 may not be related to the pathogenesis of CRC

Pubmed

19921579

Method

qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

High levels of microRNA 21 in the stroma of colorectal cancers predict short disease free survival in stage II colon cancer patients. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is upregulated in several cancer types and has been associated with survival in colon cancer. In the present study we developed a robust in situ hybridization assay using high-affinity Locked Nucleic Acid LNA probes that specifically detect miR-21 in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded FFPE tissue samples. The expression of miR-21 was analyzed by in situ hybridization on 130 stage II colon and 67 stage II rectal cancer specimens. The miR-21 signal was revealed as a blue chromogenic reaction predominantly observed in fibroblast-like cells located in the stromal compartment of the tumors. The miR-21 signal was determined as the total blue area TB or the area fraction relative to the nuclear density TBR obtained using a red nuclear stain. High TBR and TB estimates of miR-21 expression correlated significantly with shorter disease-free survival p = 0.004 HR = 1.28 95% CI: 1.06-1.55 in the stage II colon cancer patient group whereas no significant correlation with disease-free survival was observed in the stage II rectal cancer group. We conclude that miR-21 is primarily a stromal microRNA which when measured by image analysis identifies a subgroup of stage II colon cancer patients with short disease-free survival

Pubmed

21069438

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Expression of target miRs in micro-dissected paraffin embedded tissues was evaluated in 15 primary tumours with adjacent normal tissue from patients that were disease-free at 4 years cohort A and 19 paired primary tumours with corresponding liver metastases cohort B by quantitative real-time PCR. Increased expression of miR-21 mir-135a and miR-335 was associated with clinical progression of CRC while miR-206 demonstrated an opposite trend

Pubmed

22120473

Method

qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Expression of miR 21 miR 31 miR 96 and miR 135b is correlated with the clinical parameters of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of miR-21 miR-31 miR-96 and miR-135b in 52 paired colorectal cancer CRC tissues and to analyze the correlation between microRNAs miRNAs and clinicopathological features. In addition to this we analyzed the expression levels of miR-21 miR-31 miR-96 and miR-135b in 52 cases of primary CRC and corresponding normal mucosal tissue using real-time PCR with SYBR-Green I. The expression of miR-21 miR-31 miR-96 and miR-135b was upregulated in the CRC tissues compared to normal mucosal tissues P<0.05. Furthermore miR-21 and miR-135b were positively correlated with the clinical stage P=0.048 and P=0.029 respectively while miR-96 and miR-135b were correlated with liver metastasis P=0.006 and P=0.013 respectively. Our results suggest that miR-21 miR-31 miR-96 and miR-135b may function in the process of CRC development and progression

Pubmed

22844381

Method

qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In this study we show that the expression of miR-21 was overexpressed in CRC compared with adenomas and normal tissues. Patients with poor differentiation lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage showed significantly high expression of miR-21

Pubmed

23174819

Method

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Serum miR 21 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer. The oncogenic microRNAs miRNAs miR-21 and miR-31 negatively regulate tumor-suppressor genes. To determine whether miR-21 and miR-31 are secretory miRNAs we screened expression in medium from 2 CRC cell lines which was followed by serum analysis from 12 CRC patients and 12 control subjects. We analyzed miR-21 expression in 166 matched primary CRC tissues to determine whether serum miRNAs reflect expression in CRC. Although miR-21 was secreted from CRC cell lines and upregulated in serum of CRC patients no statistically significant differences were observed in serum miR-31 expression between CRC patients and control subjects. In the validation cohort miR-21 levels were statistically significantly elevated in preoperative serum from patients with adenomas P < .001 and CRCs P < .001. Importantly miR-21 expression dropped in postoperative serum from patients who underwent curative surgery P < .001. Serum miR-21 levels robustly distinguished adenoma area under the curve AUC = 0.813; 95% confidence interval CI = 0.691 to 0.910 and CRC AUC = 0.919; 95% CI = 0.867 to 0.958 patients from control subjects. High miR-21 expression in serum and tissue was statistically significantly associated with tumor size distant metastasis and poor survival. Moreover serum miR-21 was an independent prognostic marker for CRC hazard ratio = 4.12; 95% CI = 1.10 to 15.4; P = .03. Serum miR-21 is a promising biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of CRC

Pubmed

23704278

Method

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Prognostic role of microRNA 21 in colorectal cancer: a meta analysis. The present meta-analysis summarizes the recent advances in the use of microRNA-21 miR-21 in the assessment of colorectal cancer and analyzes the prognostic role of miR-21 for survival outcome. Data were extracted from studies comparing overall survival OS in patients with colorectal cancer who showed higher expression of miR-21 than similar patients. For overall survival OS the pooled hazard ratio HR of higher miR-21 expression in colorectal cancer was 1.76 95% CI: 1.34-2.32 P=0.000. The subgroup analysis suggested that elevated miR-21 level and patients' survival correlated with III/IV stage HR=5.35 95% CI: 3.73-7.66. The present findings suggest that high expression of miR-21 might predict poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer

Pubmed

24265822

Method

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Clinical significance of microRNA 21 as a biomarker in each Dukes' stage of colorectal cancer. It is known that microRNA-21 miR-21 is implicated in the promotion proliferation and progression of several types of human cancers. However the prognostic significance of miR-21 in each tumor stage of colorectal cancer CRC remains elusive. The objective of this study was to clarify the prognostic value of miR-21 for CRC patients at each tumor stage. The expression levels of miR-21 in the tumor tissues and normal adjacent tumor tissues of 306 CRC patients were determined by TaqMan microRNA assays. In order to clarify the miRNA profile in CRC tissues miRNA arrays were examined. In this analysis miR-21 miR-224 miR-96 miR-31 and miR-155 showed marked upregulation and miR-21 showed the highest level. Upon comparison of clinicopathological factors miR-21 expression showed significant association with depth of invasion lymphatic and venous invasion liver metastasis and Dukes' stage. In the Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis of all patients overall survival OS and disease-free survival DFS rates of the patients with high miR-21 expression were significantly worse than these rates in patients with low miR-21 expression. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis of each tumor stage the DFS of patients with high miR-21 expression was significantly worse than patients with low miR-21 levels in Dukes' stage A tumors. In Dukes' stage B and C patients with high miR-21 expression showed a significantly worse OS and DFS than patients with low miR-21 expression. In Dukes' stage D patients with high miR-21 expression showed a significantly worse OS than patients with low miR-21 expression. In the Cox multivariate analysis it was shown that miR-21 expressions in CRC tissues is an independent prognostic factor in Dukes' stage B C and D. In conclusion miR-21 expression may be a valuable biomarker for prediction of poor prognosis in CRC patients with Dukes' stage B C and D

Pubmed

25421755

Method

Microarray

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Diagnostic value of circulating miR 21 for colorectal cancer: a meta analysis. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is highly expressed in the plasma of colorectal cancer CRC patients. Thus miR-21 may be a useful novel diagnostic biomarker for CRC. This meta-analysis aims to verify the diagnostic value of circulating miR-21 in CRC patients. A literature search was conducted for publications that evaluated the diagnostic value of miR-21 for CRC. Circulating miR-21 may be a suitable diagnostic biomarker for CRC with moderate sensitivity and specificity. Further studies should evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-21 for CRC in the future

Pubmed

25524942

Method

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Stromal expression of miR 21 in T3 4a colorectal cancer is an independent predictor of early tumor relapse. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is an oncogenic microRNA that regulates the expression of multiple cancer-related target genes. miR-21 has been associated with progression of some types of cancer. In advanced colorectal cancer the clinical significance of miR-21 expression remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of miR-21 expression in advanced colorectal cancer and its correlation with target proteins associated with colorectal cancer progression. The expression of miR-21 was investigated by in situ hybridization. T3-4a colorectal cancer patients with high miR-21 expression had significantly shorter recurrence-free survival than those with low miR-21 expression. When analyzing colon and rectal cancer separately high expression of miR-21 was an independent prognostic factor of unfavorable recurrence-free survival in T3-4a colon cancer patients P = 0.038 HR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.05-5.72 but not in T3-4a rectal cancer patients. In a sub-classification analysis high miR-21 expression was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival in the stage II cancer P = 0.001 but not in the stage III subgroup P = 0.267. Stage II colorectal cancer patients with high levels of miR-21 are at higher risk for tumor recurrence and should be considered for more intensive treatment

Pubmed

25609245

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Novel evidence for an oncogenic role of microRNA 21 in colitis associated colorectal cancer. miR-21 was found to be overexpressed in the colon tissues and serum of patients with UC and colorectal cancer CRC; however the exact roles of miR-21 in colitis-associated CRC remain unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the biological mechanisms of miR-21 in colitis-associated colon cancer CAC miR-21 expression was examined in the tumours of 62 patients with CRC from China and 37 colitis-associated neoplastic tissues from Japan and Austria. miR-21 levels were markedly upregulated in the tumours of 62 patients with CRC 22 patients with CAC and in a mouse model of CAC. These observations provide novel evidence for miR-21 blockade to be a key strategy in reducing CAC

Pubmed

25994220

Method

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Screening miRNAs for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer by small RNA deep sequencing and evaluation in a Chinese patient population. This study aims to screen microRNAs miRNAs for an early diagnosis of colorectal cancer by deep sequencing and evaluation of total miRNAs using clinical samples from a Chinese patient population. Total small RNAs from normal colonic mucosa colonic adenomas and colorectal cancer tissues were prepared for miRNA analysis by deep sequencing. The sequencing data were then analyzed by bioinformatics for candidate diagnostic miRNAs which were further validated for their up- or downregulation status. Specifically for the upregulated miRNAs miR-18a-5p and miR-21-3p were significantly upregulated in adenomas and cancer tissues compared with the normal mucosa; miR-135b-5p miR-17-5p miR-182-5p miR-200a-5p and miR-200c-3p were significantly upregulated in cancer tissues compared to the normal mucosa but their differential expression was not significant in adenoma tissues when compared with the normal mucosa. The findings of this study show that a number of miRNAs might be important in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer in Chinese patients using the method of small RNA deep sequencing. Upregulation of miR-18a-5p and miR-21-3p or downregulation of miR-133a-3p in adenoma and cancer tissues may serve as an index for early screening of colorectal cancer

Pubmed

27022275

Method

RNA-Seq

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Investigation of MicroRNA 21 Expression Levels in Serum and Stool as a Potential Non Invasive Biomarker for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. In the present study we sought to investigate the expression level of microRNA-21 miR-21 as a potential diagnostic marker in serum and stool samples from 40 patients with colorectal cancer CRC and 40 healthy controls. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was applied to determine the relative expression level of miR-21 in serum and stool. miR-21 expression levels of serum and stool were up-regulated 12.1 P<0.05 95% CI: 5.774-34.045 and 10.0 P<0.05 95% CI: 0.351-16.260 times in CRC patients respectively when compared to the control group. The sensitivity and specificity of miR-21 was found to be 86.05% and 72.97% respectively an area under the ROC curve AUC of 0.783. The stool miR-21 level in CRC patients was much higher than that in the healthy controls showing a sensitivity of 86.05% and a specificity of 81.08% AUC: 0.829. The expression level of miR-21 in stool was able to significantly distinguish CRC tumor node metastasis stages III-IV from stages I-II with a sensitivity and specificity of 88.1% and 81.6% respectively AUC: 0.872. The results of this study indicated that miR-21 expression levels in serum and stool can be considered as a potential diagnostic biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC patients. However more studies are required to confirm the validity of miR-21 as a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool for CRC

Pubmed

27432735

Method

qPCR

Cancer

colorectal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is up-regulated in many cancers including colorectal cancer CRC. Nevertheless the function of miR-21 in CRC and the mechanism underlying that function is still unclear. Finally we assessed the effect of miR-21 in a xenograft tumor model in mice. These findings provide novel insight into the molecular functions of miR-21 in CRC which may serve as a potential interesting target

Pubmed

27495250

Method

Cancer

endometrial cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MiR-21 has been identified as one of the most common proto-oncogenes. It is hypothesized that up-regulated miR-21 could be served as a potential biomarker for human cancer diagnosis. However inconsistencies or discrepancies about diagnostic accuracy of circulating miR-21 still remain. In this study we performed an update meta-analysis to estimate the diagnostic value of circulating miR-21 in various human cancers. In the validation test the expression levels of serum miR-21 were significantly higher in benign lesion patients p = 0.003 and endometrial cancer patients p = 0.000 compared with that of healthy controls. Endometrial cancer patients showed higher miR-21 expression levels p = 0.000 compared with benign lesion patients. In conclusion the meta-analysis shows that circulating miR-21 has excellent performance on the diagnosis for various cancers and the validation test demonstrates that serum miR-21 could be served as a novel biomarker for endometrial carcinoma

Pubmed

27655698

Method

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA 21 regulates the proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Of 20 paired samples 18 cancer tissues overexpressed microRNA-21 in comparison with matched normal epitheliums. Specifically patients with lymph node metastasis or venous invasion showed significantly high expression of microRNA-21. In situ hybridization for microRNA-21 showed strong positive staining in paraffin-embedded esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues

Pubmed

19276261

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Clinical impact of serum exosomal microRNA 21 as a clinical biomarker in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Total RNA was purified from the exosomes and expression levels of microRNA-21 miR-21 were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MiR-21 was not detected in serum that remained after exosome extraction. The current results confirmed that exosomal miR-21 expression is up-regulated in serum from patients with ESCC versus serum from patients who have benign diseases without systemic inflammation. Exosomal miR-21 was positively correlated with tumor progression and aggressiveness suggesting that it may be a useful target for cancer therapy

Pubmed

23224754

Method

qPCR

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

By Agilent microarray six deregulated miRNAs from whole saliva samples from seven patients with esophageal cancer and three healthy controls were selected. The six selected miRNAs were subjected to validation of their expression levels by RT-qPCR using both whole saliva and saliva supernatant samples from an independent set of 39 patients with esophageal cancer and 19 healthy controls. Six miRNAs miR-10b* miR-144 miR-21 miR-451 miR-486-5p and miR-634 were identified as targets by Agilent microarray. After validation by RT-qPCR miR-10b* miR-144 and miR-451 in whole saliva and miR-10b* miR-144 miR-21 and miR-451 in saliva supernatant were significantly upregulated in patients with sensitivities of 89.7 92.3 84.6 79.5 43.6 89.7 and 51.3% and specificities of 57.9 47.4 57.9% 57.9 89.5 47.4 and 84.2% respectively

Pubmed

23560033

Method

Microarray; qPCR

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We measured the serum levels of miR-21 miR-145 miR-200c and let-7c by quantitative RT-PCR in 64 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The serum levels of miR-21 miR-145 miR-200c and let-7c in esophageal cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy volunteers. There was no significant relationship between chemosensitivity and the levels of miR-21 miR-145 and let-7c. High expression of miR-200c was associated with shortened progression-free survival p = 0.0076 but there was no significant relationship between prognosis and the expression of miR-21 miR-145 and let-7c

Pubmed

23838916

Method

qPCR

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

miR-21 a putative tumor oncomiR is a frequently overexpressed miRNA in a variety of tumors. In this study we investigated the role of miR-21 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ESCC and its possible mechanism. Expression of miR-21 was detected by stem-loop RT-PCR in tissue from 76 invasive ESCC at stage I-IV and in their corresponding para-cancerous histological normal tissues PCHNT. Paired tumor and PCHNT specimens of 20 ESCC cases were randomly selected for western blot analysis. Stem-loop RT-PCR revealed miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-21 correlated with tumor status lymph node metastasis and clinical stage

Pubmed

24221338

Method

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We found that there was an overexpression of miR-21 in esophageal specimens having an association with cigarette smoking and the upregulation of miR-21 was also induced by nicotine in esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706. Moreover the upregulated miR-21 by nicotine promoted EMT transforming growth factor beta TGF-β dependently

Pubmed

24756761

Method

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Plasma levels of miR-16 miR-21 miR-22 miR-126 miR-148b miR-185 miR-221 miR-223 and miR-375 were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR assays from 38 ESCC patients prior to treatment and 19 healthy subjects. Levels of four of the selected miRNAs were found to be significantly higher in ESCC patients than in controls; namely miR-16 miR-21 miR-185 and miR-375 P < 0.050. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high expression levels of miR-16 and miR-21 in the plasma correlated significantly with shortened progression-free survival PFS; P = 0.031 and P = 0.038 respectively and overall survival OS; P = 0.022 and P = 0.041 respectively in ESCC patients. Moreover specific miRNAs such as miR-16 and miR-21 can predict poor survival in ESCC

Pubmed

26221263

Method

qPCR

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Importantly the high ESCC marked-ZD esophagus had a 15-microRNA signature resembling the human ESCC miRNAome with miR-223 miR-21 and miR-31 as the top-up-regulated species. Additionally the deficiency-associated miR-223 miR-21 and miR-31 may be useful therapeutic targets in ESCC

Pubmed

26918602

Method

Cancer

esophageal cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The present study explored the function of exosome-shuttling miR-21 involved in esophageal cancer progression. Our population plasma sample analysis indicated that miR-21 was upregulated significantly in plasma from esophageal cancer patients and showed a significant risk association for esophageal cancer. Our data demonstrated that a close correlation existed between exosome-shuttling miR-21 and esophageal cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. Thus exosome-shuttling miR-21 may become a potential biomarker for prognosis among esophageal cancer patients

Pubmed

27035745

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

miR 21 microRNA expression in human gastric carcinomas and its clinical association. Of these miRNAs miR-21 appears to be important in tumorigenesis given its up-regulation in almost all types of human cancer examined. Cancer tissues and corresponding normal tissues from 37 patients with gastric cancer were examined for the expression level of miR-21 using quantitative PCR and the clinical relevance of miR-21 was statistically analyzed. miR-21 was overexpressed in 92% 34/37 of the gastric cancer samples examined. However the patients with higher miR-21 expression did not have a worse prognosis. miR-21 could serve as an efficient diagnostic marker for gastric cancer but does not affect the clinical prognosis of gastric cancer patients

Pubmed

18507035

Method

qPCR

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The most highly expressed miRNAs in gastric cancer tissues were miR-20b miR-20a miR-17 miR-106a miR-18a miR-21 miR-106b miR-18b miR-421 miR-340* miR-19a and miR-658

Pubmed

19175831

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We found that miR-16 and miR-21 were upregulated upon nicotine stimulation transfection with anti-miR-16 or anti-miR-21 significantly abrogated cell proliferation. In contrast ectopic miR-16 or miR-21 expression exhibited a similar stimulatory effect on cell proliferation as nicotine. Knockdown of NF-κB by short interfering RNA siRNA or specific inhibitor Bay-11-7085 markedly suppressed nicotine-induced cell proliferation and upregulation of miR-16 and miR-21. Interestingly NF-κB-binding sites were located in both miR-16 and miR-21 gene transcriptional elements and we showed that nicotine enhanced the binding of NF-κB to the promoters of miR-16 and miR-21. Taken together these results suggest that miR-16 and miR-21 are directly regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB and yet nicotine-promoted cell proliferation is mediated via EP2/4 receptors

Pubmed

21081469

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In the analysis by real-time PCR-based miRNA arrays using pooled RNA samples from five gastric cancer patients expression of miR-107 miR-21 miR-196a miR-26b miR-9 miR-142-3p miR-30b miR-150 miR-191 and miR-17 was found to be upregulation

Pubmed

22407237

Method

qPCR; Microarray

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

One prominent oncogenic microRNA miR-21 was previously reported to be upregulated in gastric cancer. We performed an unbiased search for downstream messenger RNA targets of miR-21 based on miR-21 dysregulation by using human tissue specimens and the MKN28 human gastric carcinoma cell line

Pubmed

22464652

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

miR 21 Is a Promising Novel Biomarker for Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Gastric Cancer. In the present study we examined miR-21 expression in human gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis and attempted to uncover its relationship with clinicopathologic data especially with lymph node metastasis. The expression levels of miR-21 in the tumor specimens of GC patients were quantified by RT-PCR. The correlation between miR-21 level and multiple clinicopathological factors was then examined by Mann-Whitney test Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and operating characteristic ROC analysis. The expression level of miR-21 was higher in GC patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis P < 0.05. Expression level of miR-21 was significantly correlated with histologic type T stage lymph node metastasis and pTNM stage. The overall survival rates in GC patients with low upregulated miR-21 expression were significantly higher than those with high upregulated miR-21 P < 0.05

Pubmed

22792096

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Prognostic impact of circulating miR 21 in the plasma of patients with gastric carcinoma. MicroRNAs miRNAs such as miR-17-5p miR-21 miR-106a and miR-106b are reported to be highly expressed in gastric carcinoma GC tissues. The postoperative cause-specific survival rate of patients with high plasma miR-21 concentration was significantly poorer than those with a low concentration p=0.0451 as was that of those with high plasma concentration of miR-106a p=0.1132. Those with high miR-21 concentration had also a slightly higher incidence of vascular invasion p=0.0311. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of a high miR-21 concentration in plasma was an independent prognostic factor p=0.0133 hazard ratio: 13.4 95% CI: 1.72-104.4. The level of circulating miR-21 could be a reliable prognostic marker in the plasma of patients with GC

Pubmed

23267156

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

microRNA-21 miR-21 has been implicated in many cancers and contributed to chemo-resistance but its role in gastric cancer drug resistance still remains unexplored. Moreover over-expression of miR-21 significantly decreased antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induced by cisplatin while knockdown of miR-21 dramatically increased antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction by cisplatin. Inhibition of Akt using PI3K inhibitor LY 294002 could abrogate miR-21 induced cell survival. These results suggest that miR-21 may provide a novel mechanism for understanding cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by modulating PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway

Pubmed

23466500

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Elevated expression of mature miR 21 and miR 155 in cancerous gastric tissues from Chinese patients with gastric cancer. We sought to investigate the expression patterns of the miRNAs miR-21 miR-145 and miR-155 in sporadic gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Expression levels of miR-21 miR-145 and miR-155 were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR using a specific stem-loop primer with U6 as the internal reference gene. The expression of miR-21 and miR-155 in gastric cancer samples was significantly higher than in paired non-cancerous samples P < 0.05. In Chinese sporadic gastric cancer tissues the expressions of the oncogenic miR-21 and miR-155 were significantly up-regulated while the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-145 was decreased although this decrease was not statistically significant

Pubmed

23554630

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We identified five miRNAs that were most consistently reported to be upregulated miR-21 miR-106b miR-17 miR-18a and miR-20a and two miRNAs that were downregulated miR-378 and miR-638. Six of these were further validated in 32 paired sets of GC and adjacent noncancerous tissue samples using real-time PCR. MiR-21 miR-106b miR-17 miR-18a and miR-20a were confirmed to be upregulatedin GC tissues while the expression of miR-378 was decreased. Moreover we found a significant association between expression levels of miR-21 miR-106b miR-17 miR-18a and miR-20a and clinicopathological features of GC

Pubmed

24040025

Method

qPCR

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA microarray was applied to assess the miRNAs expression profile of gastric cancer. Compared with normal gastric epithelium seven microRNAs miR-374b* miRPlus-E1212 miR-338-5p miR-297 miR-21 miR-135b miR-18a were significantly up-regulated more than 2-folds and nine microRNAs miR-29b-2* miR-1260 miRPlus-E1241 miR-S1-5p miR-148a miR-29c miR-647 miR-196b* ebv-miR-BART5 were significantly down-reguated in gastric cancer tissues

Pubmed

24054006

Method

Microarray

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Overexpression of miR-21 significantly suppressed trastuzumab-induced apoptosis

Pubmed

24154840

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MiR-21 is the most consistently reported miRNA with upregulation. In further analysis the sensitivity specificity and area under the curve of summary ROC for miR-21 in GC diagnosis are 0.78 95 % CI 0.71-0.85 0.89 95 % CI 0.82-0.94 and 0.91 respectively. Circulating miR-21 can serve as a potential biomarker for detection of GC

Pubmed

24337687

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In the group of consistently reported microRNAs miR-21 was reported upregulated in 10 studies followed by miR-25 miR-92 and miR-223 upregulated in eight studies. From this study the most consistently reported upregulated microRNA was found to be miR-21

Pubmed

24902858

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Expression Analysis of mir 21 and mir 221 in Cancerous Tissues from Iranian Patients with Gastric Cancer. Expression of miR-21 and miR-221 are deregulated in many types of human cancers. Expression levels of miR-21 and miR-221 were detected by Real time RT-PCR using a specific primer with 5s rRNA as the internal reference gene. Our data showed that the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-221 in gastric cancer samples were significantly higher than in paired non-cancerous samples P value less than 0.05. The receiver operating characteristic ROC analyses yielded the area under the curve AUC values of 80.30 for miR-21 and 93.30 for miR-221 and combined ROC analysis revealed the highest AUC value of 96.90 in discriminating GC patients from healthy controls. It seems that miR-21 and miR-221 expression pattern in Iranian patients with gastric cancer are similar to any other population. Considering the increased expression level of two miRNAs in cancerous tissue compared to normal tissue as well as the area under ROC curve miR-21 and miR-221 can be used for early detection of gastric cancer

Pubmed

26209976

Method

qPCR

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Moreover over-expression of miR-21 significantly decreased antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induced by paclitaxel while knockdown of miR-21 dramatically increased antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction by paclitaxel. Moreover our results demonstrated that miR-21 may modulate the sensitivity to PTX at least in part by regulating the expression of P-glycoprotein

Pubmed

27040946

Method

Cancer

gastric cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Significance of microRNA 21 in gastric cancer. Recent evidences indicate that miR-21 is overexpressed in tumour tissue including gastric cancer and plays a vital role in tumour cell proliferation apoptosis invasion and angiogenesis. Silencing of miR-21 through the use of a miR-21 inhibitor affected cancer cell viability induced cell cycle arrest and increased chemosensitivity to anticancer agents indicating that miR-21 functions as an oncogene. Although an increased expression level of miR-21 has been observed in gastric cancer studies related to the role of miR-21 in gastric cancer progression is very limited. The main thrust of this mini review is to explain the potency of miR-21 as a prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarker and as a new target for clinical therapeutic for interventions of gastric cancer progression

Pubmed

27179559

Method

Cancer

glioblastoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MiR-21 up-regulation has been reported for the majority of cancers profiled to date; however knowledge is limited on the mechanism of action of miR-21 including identification of functionally important targets that contribute to its proproliferative and antiapoptotic actions

Pubmed

18829576

Method

Cancer

glioblastoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In this study we examined the expression levels of selected microRNAs in 22 primary glioblastomas and six specimens of adult brain tissue by real-time PCR method. The most significant change was observed for up-regulation in miR-21 expression in glioblastomas p<0.001

Pubmed

20353279

Method

qPCR

Cancer

glioblastoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Here we demonstrate for the first time that platelet-derived growth factor-B PDGF-B a potent angiogenic growth factor involved in GBM development and progression promotes downregulation of pro-oncogenic miR-21 and anti-oncogenic miR-128 miRNAs as well as upregulation/downregulation of several miRNAs involved in GBM pathology. Furthermore siRNA-mediated PDGF-B silencing led to increased levels of miR-21 and miR-128 while miRNA modulation through overexpression of miR-21 did not alter the levels of PDGF-B

Pubmed

22922228

Method

Cancer

glioblastoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Single-stranded antisense miR-21 inhibitor anti-miR-21 administered using the R8 peptide elicited efficient downstream gene upregulation

Pubmed

24969623

Method

Cancer

glioblastoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The expression of miRNA-21 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR in normal brain tissue and glioblastoma samples and the changes of miRNA-21 expression between GSCs and non-GSCs were also detected. The apoptosis and proliferation ability of miR-21 in GSCs were analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry assay after anti-miR-21 transfection. For the regulation mechanism analysis of miR-21 TargetScan PicTar and microRNA were selected to predict some potential target genes of miR-21. The predicted gene was identified to be the direct and specific target gene of miR-21 by luciferase activities assay and western blot. The expression of miR-21 increased significantly in glioblastoma contrast to normal brain tissue and miR-21 up-regulated in GSCs remarkably. The proliferation of GSCs cell could be inhibited with high-expression of miR-21 and this effect could be restored by miR-21 knocked down

Pubmed

25394756

Method

qPCR

Cancer

head and neck cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Notable was the high expression of miR-21 and miR-205. Expression of several miRNAs was validated using Northern blot analysis

Pubmed

17475218

Method

Northern blot

Cancer

head and neck cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In this present study the expression profiles of ten miRNAs let-7a miR-21 miR26b miR-34c miR-99a miR-133a miR-137 miR-184 miR-194a and miR-375 in plasma from 50 patients and 36 healthy subjects were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction PCR. Our results demonstrated that the expression level of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated in plasma samples obtained from HNSCC patients p < 0.01 than those from healthy subjects which were in consistent with our finding in HNSCC tissues. A 7.7-fold increase of miR-21 in cancerous parts when compared to their non-cancerous counterparts p < 0.0001 was observed in HNSCC tissues. In addition the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-26b were both reduced in post-operative HNSCC patients with good prognosis. In contrast the concentration of plasma miR-21 and miR-26b stayed high after tumor removal in the expired cases. Our study suggests that detecting circulating miR-21 and miR-26b pre- and post-operatively might provide a novel tumor marker for HNSCC

Pubmed

22811001

Method

qPCR

Cancer

head and neck cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Our findings showed that significant elevated expressions of miR-21 miR-18a miR-134a miR-210 miR-181a miR-19a and miR-155 were associated with poor survival in human HNSCC. We performed meta-analysis on the articles choosing miR-21 as prognostic marker. After excluding the study causing heterogeneity a fixed model was applied which showed an association between increased expression of miR-21 and poor survival Pooled HR=1.57-95% CI: 1.22-2.02 P<0.05. Based on the results it can be concluded that miRs specifically miR-21 may be promising markers for prognosis prediction in HNSCC

Pubmed

25677760

Method

Cancer

head and neck cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

To explore circulating miRNAs as cancer therapy biomarkers we initially identified that 8 miRNAs were distinctly dysregulated in cancerous tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous counterparts from 16 patients using microarray and real-time PCR. Meanwhile oncomiR miR-21 and miR-223 that were up-regulated in cancerous tissues were significantly reduced in post-operative plasma samples

Pubmed

25950115

Method

qPCR; Microarray

Cancer

kidney renal cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We selected 28 clear-cell type human renal cell carcinoma ccRCC samples from patient-matched specimens to perform high-throughput quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of microRNA expression levels. Two microRNAs namely MiR-155 and miR-21 commonly found to be upregulated in other cancers and miR-210 induced by hypoxia were also identified as overexpressed in ccRCC in our study

Pubmed

20035975

Method

qPCR

Cancer

kidney renal cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Up regulation of microRNA 21 correlates with lower kidney cancer survival. MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in a variety of cancers like breast colorectal lung head and neck etc. However the regulation of miR-21 in renal cell carcinoma RCC has not yet been studied systematically. We measured miR-21 levels in 54 pairs of kidney cancers and their normal matched tissues by real-time PCR. The expression level of miR-21 was correlated with 5 year survival and the pathological stage. In 48 cases 90% miR-21 was increased. All patients with low miR-21 expression survived 5 years while with high miR-21 expression only 50% survived. Higher expression of miR-21 is associated with an increase in the stage of renal cancer. Genistein inhibited the expression of miR-21 in A-498 cells and in the tumors formed after injecting genistein treated A-498 cells in nude mice besides inhibiting tumor formation. The current study shows a clear correlation between miR-21 expression and clinical characteristics of renal cancer. Thus we believe that miR-21 can be used as a tumor marker and its inhibition may prove to be useful in controlling cancers with up-regulated miR-21

Pubmed

22347428

Method

qPCR

Cancer

kidney renal cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The clinical utility of miR 21 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. miR-21 is a known oncogene with tumor-promoting effects in many types of cancer. Total RNA was extracted and the expression of miR-21 was measured with real-time quantitative RT-PCR using miR-21-specific probes. The expression of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated in RCC compared with healthy kidney. Significantly higher miR-21 levels were associated with higher stage and grade. Patients who were miR-21 positive had statistically significant shorter disease-free and overall survival rates

Pubmed

22580180

Method

qPCR

Cancer

kidney renal cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MiR-21 expression was significantly upregulated in RCC metastatic RCC specimens and renal cancer cell lines A498 786-O caki-1 compared to normal non-metastatic RCC specimens and HK-2 cells P<0.05

Pubmed

24902663

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We evaluated the expression of miRNA in human hepatocellular cancer HCC by expression profiling and defined a target gene and biologically functional effect of an up-regulated miRNA miR-21 was noted to be highly overexpressed in HCC tumors and cell lines in expression profiling studies using a miRNA microarray. In contrast-enhanced miR-21 expression by transfection with precursor miR-21 increased tumor cell proliferation migration and invasion. Moreover an increase in cell migration was observed in normal human hepatocytes transfected with precursor miR-21

Pubmed

17681183

Method

Microarray

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

For example up-regulation of mir-221 and mir-21 could promote cell cycle progression reduce cell death and favour angiogenesis and invasion

Pubmed

19120703

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Serum microRNA 21 as marker for necroinflammation in hepatitis C patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is up-regulated in tumor tissue of patients with malignant diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma HCC. Elevated concentrations of miR-21 have also been found in sera or plasma from patients with malignancies rendering it an interesting candidate as serum/plasma marker for malignancies. Serum miR-21 levels correlated with histological activity index HAI in the liver r = -0.494 P = 0.00002 alanine aminotransferase ALT r = -0.309 P = 0.007 aspartate aminotransferase r = -0.495 P = 0.000007 bilirubin r = -0.362 P = 0.002 international normalized ratio r = -0.338 P = 0.034 and γ-glutamyltransferase r = -0.244 P = 0.034. Multivariate analysis revealed that ALT and miR-21 serum levels were independently associated with HAI. The serum miR-21 level is a marker for necroinflammatory activity but does not differ between patients with HCV and HCV-induced HCC

Pubmed

22066022

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In the present study we identified the role of microRNA-21 miR-21 in hepatocellular carcinoma HCC migration and invasion and determined its underlying regulatory mechanism. miR-21 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues and normal hepatic cells. miR-21 upregulation was associated with the capacity of tumor migration and invasion in HCC. Moreover activation protein 1 AP-1 could directly activate miR-21 transcription. Taken together these results provide evidence that miR-21 promotes migration and invasion in HCC through the miR-21-PDCD4-AP-1 feedback loop suggesting that targeting the miR-21-PDCD4-AP-1 loop may represent a promising strategy in the management of HCC

Pubmed

22322403

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The microarray results were validated by quantitative real-time PCR qRT-PCR. Consistent results were obtained; qRT-PCR confirmed that both miR-21 and miR-23a were significantly up-regulated

Pubmed

22977465

Method

qPCR; Microarray

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We determined the expression levels of the most frequently cloned microRNAs by qPCR in HCC tissues and in their peritumoral counterparts from biopsy specimens of 41 HCC patients. The most frequently cloned miRs were miR-24 miR-27a and miR-21 and their expression levels in human HCC tissues indicate that these miRs were dysregulated in HCC. miR-21 was generally upregulated in HCC tissues versus the corresponding peritumoral tissues particularly in non-cirrhotic HCC

Pubmed

23229173

Method

qPCR

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We observed that oncogenic miR-21 was upregulated upon ectopic expression of this viral protein variant. The high dependency of miR-21 expression to HBx protein suggested a unique viral oncogenic pathway that could aberrantly affect a network of gene expression. Importantly miR-21 was essential in the HBx-induced transformation of non-tumour hepatocytes. Our study suggested that overexpression of miR-21 was critical to promote early carcinogenesis of hepatocytes upon HBV infection

Pubmed

25087183

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

It has been reported that miR-21 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma HCC and overexpressed miR-21 plays a key role in promoting cell cycle progression reducing cell death and favoring angiogenesis and invasion

Pubmed

25687183

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Anti miR 21 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth via Broad Transcriptional Network Deregulation. MicroRNA 21-5p miR-21 has been shown to be upregulated in HCC but the contribution of this oncomiR to the maintenance of tumorigenic phenotype in liver cancer remains poorly understood. Furthermore ablation of miR-21 activity resulted in inhibition of HCC cell migration and suppression of clonogenic growth. Finally in vivo dependency on miR-21 was observed in two separate HCC tumor xenograft models. miR-21 is important for the maintenance of the tumorigenic phenotype of HCC and represents a target for pharmacologic intervention

Pubmed

25758165

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Significance of serum microRNA 21 in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma HCC: clinical analyses of patients and an HCC rat model. Serum microRNA-21 miR-21 is overexpressed in many human cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma HCC. However how serum miR-21 changes during the HCC formation and whether miR-21 plays a regulatory role in this whole process are unknown. The current study evaluated the prognostic and diagnostic potential of serum miR-21 in HCC patients. The results revealed that tissue and serum miR-21 was upregulated significantly in the groups of cirrhosis early and advanced HCC compared with normal and fibrosis groups. All these results suggested that serum miR-21 was associated with the prognosis of HCC; the changes in serum miR-21 were earlier and more accurately reflected the pathogenesis of HCC than AFP; therefore it could be used as an early diagnostic marker for HCC

Pubmed

25973032

Method

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Increased expression of miR 21 predicts poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aberrant miR-21 expression has been reported in several cancers. However the clinical significance of miR-21 in human HCC is still unclear. The differentially expressed amount of the miR-21 was validated by quantitative real-time PCR qRT-PCR. As revealed by qRT-PCR analysis miR-21 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues when compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues P<0.05. High miR-21 expression level was observed to be closely correlated with tumor differentiation TNM stage and vein invasion P<0.05. Patients who had high miR-21 expression had a shorter overall survival than patients who had low miR-21 expression P<0.05. Moreover multivariate analysis of the prognosis factors with a Cox proportional hazards model showed that high miR-21 expression was a significant independent predictor of poor survival in HCC P<0.05. Our results suggested that increased expression of miR-21 was significantly correlated with tumor progression and could be a novel potential biomarker for HCC prognosis

Pubmed

26261620

Method

qPCR

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNAs miRNAs are reported as a group of small non-coding RNAs that can function as endogenous RNA interference to regulate expression of the targeted genes. This study was conducted to detect the serum and tissue expression of miR 21 and miR 199-a to be applied as early detectors for HCC. The levels of the two mature miRNAs miR-21 and miR-199-a were detected by real time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR RT-qPCR in sera and tissues of chronic hepatitis and HCC patients. Besides miR-21 and miR-199-a levels in relation to clinical and pathological factors were explored. We found that the expression of serum miR-21 was distinctly increased in HCC compared with chronic hepatitis P<0.001. In addition median of miR 21 was increased in malignant when compared to adjacent non-malignant tissues without significant differences P=0.191 while miR 199-a was significantly decreased in malignant when compared to adjacent nonmalignant tissues P<0.001. ROC analysis showed that miR-21 and miR-199-a might be potential biomarkers for HCC. In conclusion the expression of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated and miR-199-a was significantly down regulated in serum of patients with HCC. Due to their reasonable sensitivity and specificity for disease progression miR-21 and miR-199-a could be used as potential circulating biomarkers for HCC

Pubmed

26302751

Method

qPCR

Cancer

liver cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Both miR-21 and miR-183 are upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma HCC and are considered as oncomiR. qRT-PCR analysis was performed to assess miR-21 and miR-183 expression in tumor tissues obtained from HCC patients and in HCC cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B. MiR-21 and miR-183 expression in HCC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. However these effects could not be blocked by miR-21 or miR-183 mimics

Pubmed

26400524

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

High expression of serum miR 21 and tumor miR 200c associated with poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Six matched cancer and noncancerous tissues from NSCLC patients were analyzed by miRNA microarray. Among these three miRNAs miR-21 miR-141 and miR-200c were examined in 70 NSCLC paired samples cancer normal tissue and serum and 44 serum samples of normal volunteers by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR. Consisting with the microarray results the expression levels of miR-21 miR-141 and miR-200c in NSCLC were higher than those in normal tissues. While the level of serum miR-21 was increased in cancer patients as compared with that in normal counterpart expression of miR-141 and miR-200c showed lower levels in serums from cancer patients. Overexpression of serum miR-21 was strongly associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical stage of NSCLC. Finally log-rank and Cox regression tests demonstrated that high expressions of tumor miR 21 and miR-200c or serum miR-21 were associated with a poor survival in NSCLC patients. Our results suggest that tumor miR-21 miR-141 miR-200c and serum miR-21 may be potential novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of NSCLC

Pubmed

21516486

Method

Microarray; Reverse transcription PCR; qPCR

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In the panel of consistently reported up-regulated microRNAs miR-210 was reported in nine studies and miR-21 was reported in seven studies. Four up-regulated microRNAs miR-210 miR-21 miR-31 and miR-182 and two down-regulated mcroiRNAs miR-126 and miR-145 were consistently reported both in squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma-based subgroup analysis with the other 14 microRNAs solely reported in one or the other subset. In conclusion the top two most consistently reported up-regulated microRNAs were miR-210 and miR-21

Pubmed

22672859

Method

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Evaluation of dynamic change of serum miR 21 and miR 24 in pre and post operative lung carcinoma patients. Thus we conducted quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR to examine the expression of four miRNAs miR-21 miR-205 miR-30d and miR-24 in the sera of a set of 82 pre-operative lung carcinoma patients and paired 10 days post-operative patients as well as in 50 normal volunteers. We showed that compared to that in normal volunteers the expression of miR-21 miR-205 miR-30d and miR-24 was increased in lung cancer sera samples as well as in sera of early stage lung cancer patients according to their clinical-pathological characteristics. The area under roc curves AUCs for levels of miR-21 miR-205 miR-30d and miR-24 in sera were significantly higher than those for Carcinoma embryonic antigen CEA P < 0.05 whereas the AUC for combination of serum levels of miRNA with serum CEA showed no significant difference from that for serum levels of miRNAs only P > 0.05. The expression levels of miR-21 and miR-24 were significantly decreased in post-operative sera compared with levels in paired pre-operative sera P = 0.0004 and <0.0001 respectively. In addition high expressions of miR-21 and miR-30d in pre-operative sera were independently correlated with shorter overall survival in lung cancer patients log-rank test: P = 0.0498 0.0019. In summary our results suggest that miR-21 miR-205 miR-30d and miR-24 may serve as potential novel non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis of lung cancer. In addition miR-21 and miR-24 serum levels were lower in post-operative samples than those in pre-operative samples suggesting they can potentially be used as biomarkers for disease recurrence after surgery operation

Pubmed

22782668

Method

Reverse transcription PCR; qPCR

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Detection of lung cancer with blood microRNA 21 expression levels in Chinese population. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression levels of mature microRNA‑21 miR‑21. The results demonstrated that miR-21 was present in the peripheral blood in a markedly stable form and could be detected by real-time PCR sensitively and specifically. A significant difference was observed between the lung cancer cases and controls regarding miR-21 levels in peripheral blood 1947.26±930.56 pg/ml vs 943.42±314.12 pg/ml P=0.005. Furthermore the over-expression of miR-21 showed a highly discriminative receiver operating characteristic ROC curve profile clearly distinguishing cancer patients from cancer-free subjects with an area under the ROC curve AUROC of 0.912±0.045

Pubmed

22866162

Method

Reverse transcription PCR; qPCR

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

However for each cell subtype we identified miRNAs that were deregulated in lung cancer patients including hsa-miR-21 a well-known oncomiR associated with poor lung cancer prognosis that was up-regulated in all leukocyte subtype comparisons of cancer versus controls

Pubmed

25344866

Method

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is an oncomiR that is frequently upregulated in human cancers. AntimiR-21 AM-21 is an oligonucleotide complementary to miR-21 that is designed to inhibit its gene silencing activities. Finally tumor regression prolonged survival and miR-21 target upregulation were demonstrated in an A549 xenograft mouse model

Pubmed

26741162

Method

Cancer

lung cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Two miRNAs miR-21 and miR-155 were found to be significantly upregulated in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors

Pubmed

26867772

Method

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Prognostic value of mature microRNA 21 and microRNA 205 overexpression in non small cell lung cancer by quantitative real time RT PCR. We evaluated the prognostic value of mature microRNA-21 miR-21 and mature microRNA-205 miR-205 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Highly specific amplification and quantification of mature miR-21 and mature miR-205 was achieved using looped real time RT-PCR miRNA expression determined by real time RT-PCR was defined by DeltaDeltaCt measurements. We detected overexpression of mature miR-21 in 25 52.0% of the 48 NSCLC paired specimens and overexpression of miR-205 in 31 64.6%. Mature miR-21 was upregulated in 16 of 29 55.2% patients who relapsed and 15 of 23 65.2% patients who died. Mature miR-21 overexpression correlated with overall survival OS of the patients P = 0.027 whereas overexpression of mature miR-205 did not. Our results suggest that overexpression of mature miR-21 is an independent negative prognostic factor for OS in NSCLC patients

Pubmed

18719201

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

In our previous study we have shown that expression of serum microRNA miR-21 is correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis and might be an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients. However the roles of miR-21 overexpression in NSCLC development are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of miR-21 and determine whether miR-21 can be a therapeutic target for human NSCLC. Taqman real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay was performed to detect miR-21 expression in NSCLC cell lines and tissues. Next the effects of miR-21 expression on NSCLC cell characteristics including growth invasion and chemo- or radioresistance were also determined. Results showed that miR-21 is commonly upregulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues with important functional consequences

Pubmed

22956424

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We further validated our results by RT-qPCR for differentially expressed miRNAs in an independent group of 40 matched fresh frozen tissues 37 plasma samples from NSCLC patients and 28 healthy donors. We found that eight miRNAs miR-21 miR-30d miR-451 miR-10a miR-30e-5p and miR-126* miR-126 miR-145 were differentially expressed by three different statistical analysis approaches. Bead-array results were further verified in an independent group of 40 matched fresh frozen tissues by RT-qPCR. According to RT-qPCR miR-21 was significantly up-regulated P = 0.010 miR-126* P = 0.002 miR-30d P = 0.012 miR-30e-5p P < 0.001 and miR-451 P < 0.001 were down-regulated while miR-10a was not differentiated P = 0.732 in NSCLC tissues. However in NSCLC plasma samples only three of these miRNAs miR-21 miR-10a and miR-30e-5p displayed differential expression when compared to plasma of healthy donors. High expression of miR-21 was associated with DFI and OS both in NSCLC tissues P = 0.022 and P = 0.037 and plasma P = 0.045 and P = 0.065 respectively. In conclusion circulating miR-21 miR-10a and miR-30e-5p in plasma should be further evaluated as potential non-invasive biomarkers in NSCLC

Pubmed

23756108

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Expression of microRNA 21 in non small cell lung cancer tissue increases with disease progression and is likely caused by growth conditional changes during malignant transformation. We analyzed the expression of microRNA-21 one of the most common oncomirs in non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Using northern blots the microRNA-21 expression levels of NSCLC-derived tissue and cell lines were measured. In line with earlier observations we show that mature microRNA-21 expression levels are highly increased in NSCLC-derived tissue compared to normal lung tissue. Interestingly microRNA-21 levels in cultured NSCLC-derived cells are comparable to the expression detected in non-malignant lung tissue. Together these data indicate that rather microenviromental and growth conditional changes than intrinsic features of the cancer cells are responsible for the observed increase of microRNA-21 levels in tumor tissues. Subsequently culturing conditions were changed to assess the impact of co-cultivation with fibroblasts hypoxia and anchorage-independent growth on microRNA-21 expression. While co-cultivation with tumor-associated fibroblasts had no effect on microRNA-21 expression both hypoxia and anchorage-independent growth cause a microRNA-21 elevation. In summary our data demonstrate that growth conditions especially expected in more malignant tumors result in microRNA-21 upregulation explaining the observed increase in higher staged lung cancer tissue but not in lung cancer-derived cells

Pubmed

24452750

Method

Northern blot

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Here we analyzed expression of miR-15a/16 miR-21 miR-34a miR-126 miR-128 and miR-210 at transcriptional level in 30 non-small-cell lung carcinoma NSCLC tumor tissues compared to the matched adjacent normal tissues and their correlation with clinicopathological features of the patients. At the same time miR-21 and miR-210 were upregulated by 53.3 and 66.6% in cancer tissue versus matched adjacent normal tissues respectively. No significant correlation was found between the expression levels of miR-15a/16 miR-21 miR-34a miR-126 miR-128 and miR-210 and lymph node tumor size sex and smoking

Pubmed

25384507

Method

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Serum miR 152 miR 148a miR 148b and miR 21 as novel biomarkers in non small cell lung cancer screening. After miRNA extraction from serum the expression of miRNAs in cases and controls were quantified by qRT-PCR and normalized to the level of U6 small RNA. However overexpression of serum miR-21 was observed in NSCLC patients. High expression of miR-21 was possibly correlated with large size tumor and advanced cancer stage. Our results showed the dysregulation of miR-148/152 family and miR-21 in NSCLC patients

Pubmed

25501703

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA 21 regulates non small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by affecting cell apoptosis via COX 19. This study is to investigate the regulatory effect of microRNA-21 miR-21 on bone metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Real-time PCR was performed to detect miR-21 expression. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of COX-19 protein. Flow cytometry was used to monitor changes in cell apoptotic rate. MTT assay was used to determine the capability of cell proliferation. Bone metastasis of NSCLC enhanced the levels of miR-21 in NSCLC patients. High expression of miR-21 promoted cell proliferation by inhibiting cell apoptosis. COX-19 was a key factor in the inhibition of apoptosis by miR-21

Pubmed

26309536

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lung squamous cell cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Up Regulation of miR 21 Expression Predicate Advanced Clinicopathological Features and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Non Small Cell Lung Cancer. In this study we investigated the miR-21 expression in non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC to evaluate their value in prognosis of this tumor. Here we assess miR-21 expression in NSCLC and its clinical significance including survival analysis. The expression of miR-21 in matched normal and tumor tissues of NSCLC was evaluated using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR. It was observed that miR-21 expression was up-regulated in NSCLC tissues compared with noncancerous lung tissues mean ± SD: 6.7 ± 2.3 vs 3.7 ± 1.5 P < 0.001. The up-regulation of miR-21 in NSCLC cancer tissues was also significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features. We found that the patients with high miR-21 expression have a higher tumor grade P = 0.027 and are in higher risk of lymph node metastasis P = 0.021. Moreover the results of Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that NSCLC patients with the high miR-21 expression tend to have shorter overall survival and progression free survival P < 0.001. The multivariate analysis clearly indicated that the high miR-21 expression in biopsy samples may be considered as an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC for decreased survival RR 3.88; 95%CI 2.47-6.11. Our data indicate the potential of miR-21 as a novel prognostic biomarker for NSCLC

Pubmed

26453197

Method

qPCR

Cancer

lymphoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Relevance of miR 21 in HIV and non HIV related lymphomas. Recent evidence indicates that miR-21 plays a vital role in tumour cell proliferation apoptosis and invasion. The inhibition of miR-21 may induce cell cycle arrest and increased chemosensitivity to anticancer agents providing evidence that miR-21 functions as an oncogene in human cancer. Increased expression levels of miR-21 were observed in tumours arising from diverse tissue types. Therefore miR-21 can be considered as a powerful biomarker in HIV-related lymphomas. The number of studies related to the role of miR-21 in HIV-related lymphomas is sparse; therefore this mini review highlights the recent publications related to clinical impact and significance of miR-21 specifically in HIV- and non-HIV-related lymphomas

Pubmed

24961346

Method

Cancer

lymphoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Overexpression of microRNA 21 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with B cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma is associated with disease stage and treatment outcome. We wished to assess the association between microRNA-21 miR-21 and disease stage and treatment outcome in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma B-NHL. miR-21 was overexpressed in PBMC of patients with B-NHL p < 0.05 vs healthy individuals. Furthermore miR-21 expression levels were significantly higher in patients with the stage III/IV B-NHL p < 0.05 vs stage I/II B-NHL. After chemotherapy miR-21 expression levels were significantly decreased in patients in complete remission and became comparable to those of healthy individuals. Also miR-21 expression levels were lower in patients treated with chemotherapy combined with rituximab. There was a negative association between miR-21 overexpression and post-chemotherapy survival rates of the patients. Overexpression of miR-21 is associated with disease stage and treatment outcome of B-NHL

Pubmed

26439034

Method

Cancer

melanoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Overexpression of microRNA-21 miR-21 has been observed in various cancer types but little is known about the role of miR-21 in melanoma. In this study we demonstrate that levels of miR-21 are significantly increased in primary melanoma tissues as compared to benign nevi and in human melanoma cell lines as compared to melanocytic cell preparations. Upregulation of miR-21 in melanocytes resulted in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. These findings indicate a potential pathogenetic role of miR-21 upregulation in a subgroup of melanomas

Pubmed

22716245

Method

Cancer

melanoma

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Arsenic exposed Keratinocytes Exhibit Differential microRNAs Expression Profile; Potential Implication of miR 21 miR 200a and miR 141 in Melanoma Pathway. Among the up-regulated miRNAs miR-21 miR-200a and miR-141 are well known to be involved in carcinogenesis. Additional findings confirmed that those three miRNAs were indeed up-regulated in arsenic-stimulated keratinocytes as demonstrated by quantitative PCR assay. Furthermore bioinformatics analysis of both potential cancer-related pathways and targeted genes affected by miR-21 miR-200a and/or miR-141 was performed. Results revealed that miR-21 miR-200a and miR-141 are implicated in skin carcinogenesis related with melanoma development

Pubmed

27054085

Method

qPCR

Cancer

ovarian cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of primary EOC tumors and their respective omental metastases from 9 patients using miRNA Taqman qPCR arrays. miR-21 miR-150 and miR-146a have low expression in most primary tumors with significantly increased expression in omental lesions with concomitant decreased expression of predicted mRNA targets based on mRNA expression

Pubmed

23554878

Method

qPCR

Cancer

ovarian cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine the levels of miRNAs in ascites and sera of 39 cases of ovarian cancer and in the sera of 20 healthy women. The levels of miR-21 miR-222 and miR-142-3p in sera of ovarian cancer patients were significantly higher than those of the healthy. The expression of miR-21 was higher in the advanced stages III and IV than in the earlier stages I and II whereas the level of serum miR-142-3p was lower in high pathological grade than in low grade. The levels of miR-21 and miR-222 in the ascites were higher than those in the peripheral blood. The increased expressions of miR-21 miR-222 and miR-142-3p in the ascites and sera of ovarian cancer patients might be correlated with the clinical pathological grading of the patients

Pubmed

25744846

Method

qPCR

Cancer

ovarian cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Human epididymis protein 4 expression positively correlated with miR 21 and served as a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer. TaqMan® MicroRNA miRNA assays were employed to detect the expression of miR-21 in the ovarian carcinoma. And the expression of miR-21 was also up-regulated which was significantly different in the ovarian cancer the positive rate was 76.74 %. There was also a significant correlation between miR-21 and tumor grade r = 0.608 P < 0.0001. Significantly patients with recent recurrence less than 6 months n = 17 have a higher miR-21 expression than those with no recent recurrence

Pubmed

26733162

Method

Microarray

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Whereas the expression of miR-21 a frequently up-regulated miRNA in solid tumors was up-regulated in MIAPaCa-2 cells and it was correlated with increased Ras expression and its activity. We also found that the treatment of cells in vitro or treatment of MIAPaCa-2 induced tumors in vivo with CDF a novel synthetic analog of curcumin led to the re-expression of let-7 and miR-143 and down-regulated miR-21 expression which was consistent with attenuation of Ras expression and its activity. These results suggest that the loss of expression of let-7 and miR-143 and increased expression of miR-21 leads to increased expression of Ras and its GTPase activity which could be attenuated by CDF treatment and thus CDF could become a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of PC

Pubmed

22261338

Method

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to study how hypoxia alters hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α binding to the hypoxia response element of miR-21. The effect of mature miR-21 sense and antisense oligonucleotides on proliferation and apoptosis in hypoxic and normoxic conditions was assessed via WST-1 assay and flow cytometry. Hypoxic conditions resulted in direct binding of HIF-1α to the predicted binding site in miR-21. Transfection with a constitutively stable HIF-1α expression plasmid in normoxia resulted in upregulated miR-21 similar to that seen in hypoxia. Inhibition of miR-21 expression may increase cellular susceptibility to hypoxia in pancreatic cancer

Pubmed

23726431

Method

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Four miRNAs miR-17-5p miR-21 miR-155 and miR-196a related to PC were selected for examination in our research. The serum exosomal miR-21 level in PC was higher than that in the normal and chronic pancreatitis groups but was not significantly correlated with PC differentiation and tumor stage. There were high expressions of serum exosomal miR-17-5p and miR-21 in PC patients

Pubmed

24007214

Method

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Stromal microRNA 21 levels predict response to 5 fluorouracil in patients with pancreatic cancer. MicroRNA-21 miR-21 is upregulated and inversely associated with survival in many cancer types including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PDAC. We studied the predictive value of miR-21 levels for gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil 5-FU response in tumor cells TCs or cancer associated fibroblasts CAFs in a cohort of PDAC patients from the RTOG 9704 trial. MiR-21 expression in CAFs and TCs determined by in situ hybridization of the 229 PDAC subset from RTOG 9704 was correlated with i histopathology characteristics using a chi-square test; and ii patient overall survival OS using the Cox proportional hazards model. MiR-21 was strongly expressed in TCs and CAFs in 137/182 75% and 152/181 84% PDACs respectively. MiR-21 expression in CAFs for the group given 5-FU for OS: i approached significance in a univariate analysis hazard ratio HR 1.57; 95% confidence interval CI 0.95-2.57; P = 0.07; and ii was significant in the multivariate model HR 1.70; 95% CI 1.03-2.82; P = 0.038. MiR-21 expression in CAFs was associated with decreased OS in PDAC patients who received 5-FU but not gemcitabine. These findings begin to identify stromal miR-21 as a marker to guide chemotherapy choice in PDAC patients

Pubmed

25132574

Method

in situ hybridization

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Circulating miR 483 3p and miR 21 is highly expressed in plasma of pancreatic cancer. We evaluated the plasma miR‑483-3p and miR‑21 expression level by quantitative RT-PCR

Pubmed

25384963

Method

qPCR

Cancer

pancreatic cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

We identified hsa-miR-21 hsa-miR-23a hsa-miR-23b and miR-29c as being significantly upregulated in saliva of pancreatic cancer patients compared to control showing sensitivities of 71.4% 85.7% 857% and 57% respectively and excellent specificity 100%

Pubmed

26121640

Method

Cancer

prostate cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

The effect of normalization was tested with miR-21 as the target gene as this was previously suggested to be upregulated in cancer patients' serum. The level of miR-21 was similar in cancer patients and healthy controls irrespective of the normalization strategy. Our study questions the suitability of miR-21 as a biomarker for uro-oncological patients

Pubmed

22788411

Method

Cancer

prostate cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

Association of microRNA 21 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and the risk of progression in advanced prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Recently microRNA-21 miR-21 has been reported to play an important role in development of castration resistance of CaP. However little is known about the expression of miR-21 in advanced PCa biopsy tissues and data on its potential predictive value in advanced PCa are completely lacking. In this study paraffin-embedded prostate carcinoma tissues obtained by needle biopsy from 85 advanced PCa patients were evaluated for the expression levels of miR-21 by quantitative real-time PCR qRT-PCR. In situ hybridization ISH analysis was performed to further confirm the qRT-PCR results. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to investigate the correlation between miR-21 expression and time to progression of advanced PCa patients. Compared with adjacent non-cancerous prostate tissues the expression level of miR-21 was significantly increased in PCa tissues PCa vs non-cancerous prostate: 1.3273 ± 0.3207 vs 0.9970 ± 0.2054 P < 0.001. By and large in ISH analysis miR-21 was expressed at a higher level in tumor areas than in adjacent non-cancerous areas. Additionally PCa patients with higher expression of miR-21 were significantly more likely to be of high Gleason score and high clinical stage P < 0.05. Moreover Kaplan-Meier survival analysis found that PCa patients with high miR-21 expression have shorter progression-free survival than those with low miR-21 expression. Furthermore Multivariate Cox analysis revealed both miR-21 expression status P = 0.040 and clinical stage P = 0.042 were all independent predictive factor for progression-free survival for advanced PCa. These findings suggest for the first time that the up-regulation of miR-21 may serve as an independent predictor of progress-free survival in patients with advanced PCa

Pubmed

27040772

Method

qPCR; in situ hybridization

Cancer

prostate cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

PBMC were extracted to examine the relative expression of miR-21 by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR. The survival function curves were made by Kaplan-Meier method to show the miR-21 expression levels of PCa patients. The expression levels of miR-21 in PCa group were increased compared to BPH and control group P < 0.05. The expression of miR-21 was significantly correlated with the Gleason score clinical stages bone metastasis and tumor recurrence all P < 0.05. ROC curves demonstrated that the area under the curve of PCa and BPH distinguished by the miR-21 were 0.974 and 95% confidence intervals 95% CI were 0.956∼ 0.993. ROC curves demonstrated that the area under the curve of PCa and control group distinguished by the miR-21 were 0.984 and 95% CI were 0.972∼ 0.997. The results of Kaplan-Meier Method demonstrated that the miR-21 expression levels were related to the prognosis of PCa all P < 0.05. The results of the COX analysis suggested that the miR-21 expression level tumor recurrence and bone metastasis could be the independent factors affected the prognosis of PCa patients all P < 0.05. miR-21 is highly expressed in the PCa patients which could be the molecule biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis of PCa

Pubmed

27434290

Method

Cancer

prostate cancer

Regulation

upregulation

Reporting

miR 15/miR 16 loss miR 21 upregulation or deregulation of their target genes predicts poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. We demonstrated that miR-15/miR-16 loss miR-21 upregulation and deregulation of their target genes represent a promising predictive signature of poor patient prognosis

Pubmed

27652312

Method

Cancer

retinoblastoma

Regulation

downregulation

Reporting

Seed targeting anti miR 21 inhibiting malignant progression of retinoblastoma and analysis of their phosphorylation signaling pathways. However the relative expression of miR-21 in retinoblastoma is poorly understood. The localization and transfection efficiency of t-anti-miR-21 and the cell cycle distribution were detected by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. In addition we found that t-anti-miR-21 led to a significant inhibition of retinoblastoma cell proliferation migration and colony formation in vitro with a similar effect to anti-miR-21. Anti-miR-21 down-regulated the miR-21 level whereas both 8-mer t-anti-miR-21 and 15-mer m-anti-miR-21 had no impact on miR-21 expression levels. Finally the phosphorylation signaling pathway down-regulated by t-anti-miR-21 was integrated by KEGG assay which elucidated the potential mechanisms of inhibition of miR-21 in retinoblastoma. Taken together knockdown of miR-21 in the HXO-RB44 cell is capable of inhibiting cancer progression in retinoblastoma

Pubmed

24607444

Method

Cancer

sarcoma

Regulation

deregulation

Reporting

MicroRNA expression was profiled in samples of normal adipose tissue well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma by both deep sequencing of small RNA libraries and hybridization-based Agilent microarrays. We defined over 40 miRNAs that were dysregulated in dedifferentiated liposarcomas in both the sequencing and the microarray analysis. The upregulated miRNAs included two cancer-associated species miR-21 and miR-26a and the downregulated miRNAs included two species that were highly abundant in adipose tissue miR-143 and miR-145

Pubmed

21693658

Method

Microarray; RNA-Seq

Cancer

thyroid cancer

Regulation

downregulation

Reporting

Antisense miR 21 enhances differentiation/apoptosis and reduces cancer stemness state on anaplastic thyroid cancer. Accumulating evidence suggested that miR-21 has a role in cancer stemness state apoptosis cell cycle progression and differentiation. In this study C643 and SW1736 were transducted by hsa-miR-21 antagomir Off-miR-21. In addition cell cycle progression was investigated via the alterations of p21 gene expression and flow cytometry. Specific downregulation of miR-21 induced the differentiation and apoptosis in C643 and SW1736

Pubmed

26289851

Method