Browse PTGS2

Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Basic function annotation.
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
> Gene Ontology
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
 
Subcellular Location Microsome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.
Domain PF03098 Animal haem peroxidase
PF00008 EGF-like domain
Function

Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis (PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593). Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and brain, and in pathological conditions, such as in cancer. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Up-regulation of PTGS2 is also associated with increased cell adhesion, phenotypic changes, resistance to apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis. In cancer cells, PTGS2 is a key step in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays important roles in modulating motility, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

> Gene Ontology
 
Biological Process GO:0001101 response to acid chemical
GO:0001503 ossification
GO:0001516 prostaglandin biosynthetic process
GO:0001525 angiogenesis
GO:0001659 temperature homeostasis
GO:0001660 fever generation
GO:0001666 response to hypoxia
GO:0001667 ameboidal-type cell migration
GO:0001676 long-chain fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0001819 positive regulation of cytokine production
GO:0001890 placenta development
GO:0001893 maternal placenta development
GO:0001963 synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
GO:0002040 sprouting angiogenesis
GO:0002042 cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
GO:0002237 response to molecule of bacterial origin
GO:0002526 acute inflammatory response
GO:0002673 regulation of acute inflammatory response
GO:0002675 positive regulation of acute inflammatory response
GO:0003012 muscle system process
GO:0003013 circulatory system process
GO:0003018 vascular process in circulatory system
GO:0006606 protein import into nucleus
GO:0006631 fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0006633 fatty acid biosynthetic process
GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
GO:0006690 icosanoid metabolic process
GO:0006692 prostanoid metabolic process
GO:0006693 prostaglandin metabolic process
GO:0006766 vitamin metabolic process
GO:0006767 water-soluble vitamin metabolic process
GO:0006769 nicotinamide metabolic process
GO:0006809 nitric oxide biosynthetic process
GO:0006816 calcium ion transport
GO:0006913 nucleocytoplasmic transport
GO:0006936 muscle contraction
GO:0006937 regulation of muscle contraction
GO:0006939 smooth muscle contraction
GO:0006940 regulation of smooth muscle contraction
GO:0006953 acute-phase response
GO:0006979 response to oxidative stress
GO:0007249 I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
GO:0007270 neuron-neuron synaptic transmission
GO:0007292 female gamete generation
GO:0007565 female pregnancy
GO:0007566 embryo implantation
GO:0007584 response to nutrient
GO:0007611 learning or memory
GO:0007612 learning
GO:0007613 memory
GO:0008015 blood circulation
GO:0008217 regulation of blood pressure
GO:0009314 response to radiation
GO:0009411 response to UV
GO:0009416 response to light stimulus
GO:0009612 response to mechanical stimulus
GO:0009636 response to toxic substance
GO:0009743 response to carbohydrate
GO:0009746 response to hexose
GO:0009750 response to fructose
GO:0009820 alkaloid metabolic process
GO:0009991 response to extracellular stimulus
GO:0010035 response to inorganic substance
GO:0010038 response to metal ion
GO:0010042 response to manganese ion
GO:0010226 response to lithium ion
GO:0010565 regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process
GO:0010573 vascular endothelial growth factor production
GO:0010574 regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production
GO:0010575 positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production
GO:0010594 regulation of endothelial cell migration
GO:0010595 positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
GO:0010631 epithelial cell migration
GO:0010632 regulation of epithelial cell migration
GO:0010634 positive regulation of epithelial cell migration
GO:0010959 regulation of metal ion transport
GO:0014074 response to purine-containing compound
GO:0016053 organic acid biosynthetic process
GO:0017038 protein import
GO:0019216 regulation of lipid metabolic process
GO:0019217 regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0019229 regulation of vasoconstriction
GO:0019233 sensory perception of pain
GO:0019369 arachidonic acid metabolic process
GO:0019371 cyclooxygenase pathway
GO:0019372 lipoxygenase pathway
GO:0030282 bone mineralization
GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration
GO:0030728 ovulation
GO:0031214 biomineral tissue development
GO:0031349 positive regulation of defense response
GO:0031392 regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
GO:0031394 positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
GO:0031503 protein complex localization
GO:0031620 regulation of fever generation
GO:0031622 positive regulation of fever generation
GO:0031649 heat generation
GO:0031650 regulation of heat generation
GO:0031652 positive regulation of heat generation
GO:0031667 response to nutrient levels
GO:0031915 positive regulation of synaptic plasticity
GO:0031960 response to corticosteroid
GO:0032103 positive regulation of response to external stimulus
GO:0032225 regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
GO:0032227 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
GO:0032355 response to estradiol
GO:0032386 regulation of intracellular transport
GO:0032388 positive regulation of intracellular transport
GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide
GO:0032844 regulation of homeostatic process
GO:0032846 positive regulation of homeostatic process
GO:0033002 muscle cell proliferation
GO:0033157 regulation of intracellular protein transport
GO:0033198 response to ATP
GO:0033273 response to vitamin
GO:0033280 response to vitamin D
GO:0033559 unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0034284 response to monosaccharide
GO:0034405 response to fluid shear stress
GO:0034504 protein localization to nucleus
GO:0034612 response to tumor necrosis factor
GO:0034644 cellular response to UV
GO:0035150 regulation of tube size
GO:0035249 synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
GO:0035633 maintenance of blood-brain barrier
GO:0036293 response to decreased oxygen levels
GO:0036294 cellular response to decreased oxygen levels
GO:0040017 positive regulation of locomotion
GO:0042180 cellular ketone metabolic process
GO:0042303 molting cycle
GO:0042304 regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
GO:0042306 regulation of protein import into nucleus
GO:0042307 positive regulation of protein import into nucleus
GO:0042310 vasoconstriction
GO:0042345 regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
GO:0042346 positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
GO:0042348 NF-kappaB import into nucleus
GO:0042493 response to drug
GO:0042633 hair cycle
GO:0042990 regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
GO:0042991 transcription factor import into nucleus
GO:0042993 positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
GO:0043122 regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
GO:0043123 positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
GO:0043271 negative regulation of ion transport
GO:0043534 blood vessel endothelial cell migration
GO:0043535 regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
GO:0043536 positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
GO:0043542 endothelial cell migration
GO:0044057 regulation of system process
GO:0044283 small molecule biosynthetic process
GO:0044706 multi-multicellular organism process
GO:0044708 single-organism behavior
GO:0044744 protein targeting to nucleus
GO:0045428 regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
GO:0045429 positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
GO:0045444 fat cell differentiation
GO:0045598 regulation of fat cell differentiation
GO:0045600 positive regulation of fat cell differentiation
GO:0045723 positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
GO:0045765 regulation of angiogenesis
GO:0045766 positive regulation of angiogenesis
GO:0045786 negative regulation of cell cycle
GO:0045834 positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
GO:0045907 positive regulation of vasoconstriction
GO:0045923 positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
GO:0045932 negative regulation of muscle contraction
GO:0045933 positive regulation of muscle contraction
GO:0045986 negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
GO:0045987 positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
GO:0046209 nitric oxide metabolic process
GO:0046394 carboxylic acid biosynthetic process
GO:0046456 icosanoid biosynthetic process
GO:0046457 prostanoid biosynthetic process
GO:0046683 response to organophosphorus
GO:0046697 decidualization
GO:0046822 regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
GO:0046824 positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
GO:0046889 positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
GO:0046890 regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
GO:0048167 regulation of synaptic plasticity
GO:0048514 blood vessel morphogenesis
GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone
GO:0048608 reproductive structure development
GO:0048659 smooth muscle cell proliferation
GO:0048660 regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
GO:0048661 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
GO:0048871 multicellular organismal homeostasis
GO:0050727 regulation of inflammatory response
GO:0050729 positive regulation of inflammatory response
GO:0050804 modulation of synaptic transmission
GO:0050805 negative regulation of synaptic transmission
GO:0050806 positive regulation of synaptic transmission
GO:0050873 brown fat cell differentiation
GO:0050880 regulation of blood vessel size
GO:0050890 cognition
GO:0051051 negative regulation of transport
GO:0051169 nuclear transport
GO:0051170 nuclear import
GO:0051222 positive regulation of protein transport
GO:0051272 positive regulation of cellular component movement
GO:0051384 response to glucocorticoid
GO:0051924 regulation of calcium ion transport
GO:0051926 negative regulation of calcium ion transport
GO:0051966 regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
GO:0051968 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
GO:0060135 maternal process involved in female pregnancy
GO:0061458 reproductive system development
GO:0070482 response to oxygen levels
GO:0070542 response to fatty acid
GO:0070838 divalent metal ion transport
GO:0071214 cellular response to abiotic stimulus
GO:0071260 cellular response to mechanical stimulus
GO:0071318 cellular response to ATP
GO:0071407 cellular response to organic cyclic compound
GO:0071417 cellular response to organonitrogen compound
GO:0071453 cellular response to oxygen levels
GO:0071456 cellular response to hypoxia
GO:0071478 cellular response to radiation
GO:0071482 cellular response to light stimulus
GO:0071496 cellular response to external stimulus
GO:0071498 cellular response to fluid shear stress
GO:0071604 transforming growth factor beta production
GO:0071634 regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
GO:0071636 positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
GO:0072330 monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process
GO:0072511 divalent inorganic cation transport
GO:0072524 pyridine-containing compound metabolic process
GO:0072593 reactive oxygen species metabolic process
GO:0090049 regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
GO:0090050 positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
GO:0090066 regulation of anatomical structure size
GO:0090130 tissue migration
GO:0090132 epithelium migration
GO:0090257 regulation of muscle system process
GO:0090269 fibroblast growth factor production
GO:0090270 regulation of fibroblast growth factor production
GO:0090271 positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production
GO:0090316 positive regulation of intracellular protein transport
GO:0090335 regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
GO:0090336 positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
GO:0090360 platelet-derived growth factor production
GO:0090361 regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production
GO:0090362 positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production
GO:0098754 detoxification
GO:0098869 cellular oxidant detoxification
GO:1900180 regulation of protein localization to nucleus
GO:1900182 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
GO:1901342 regulation of vasculature development
GO:1902593 single-organism nuclear import
GO:1903409 reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
GO:1903426 regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
GO:1903428 positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process
GO:1903522 regulation of blood circulation
GO:1903524 positive regulation of blood circulation
GO:1903533 regulation of protein targeting
GO:1903670 regulation of sprouting angiogenesis
GO:1903672 positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis
GO:1903829 positive regulation of cellular protein localization
GO:1904018 positive regulation of vasculature development
GO:1904407 positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process
GO:1904589 regulation of protein import
GO:1904591 positive regulation of protein import
GO:1904951 positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
GO:1990267 response to transition metal nanoparticle
GO:1990748 cellular detoxification
GO:2000147 positive regulation of cell motility
GO:2000377 regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
GO:2000379 positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
GO:2001057 reactive nitrogen species metabolic process
GO:2001279 regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
GO:2001280 positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
Molecular Function GO:0004601 peroxidase activity
GO:0004666 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
GO:0016209 antioxidant activity
GO:0016684 oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor
GO:0016701 oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen
GO:0016702 oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
GO:0016705 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
GO:0020037 heme binding
GO:0046906 tetrapyrrole binding
GO:0050473 arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity
GO:0051213 dioxygenase activity
Cellular Component GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen
GO:0005901 caveola
GO:0044853 plasma membrane raft
GO:0045121 membrane raft
GO:0098589 membrane region
GO:0098857 membrane microdomain
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
 
KEGG hsa04064 NF-kappa B signaling pathway
hsa04370 VEGF signaling pathway
hsa04668 TNF signaling pathway
hsa04723 Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling
hsa04726 Serotonergic synapse
hsa04913 Ovarian steroidogenesis
hsa04921 Oxytocin signaling pathway
hsa00590 Arachidonic acid metabolism
hsa01100 Metabolic pathways
Reactome R-HSA-2142753: Arachidonic acid metabolism
R-HSA-1280215: Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-168256: Immune System
R-HSA-6783783: Interleukin-10 signaling
R-HSA-6785807: Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling
R-HSA-1430728: Metabolism
R-HSA-556833: Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins
R-HSA-196854: Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors
R-HSA-196849: Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors
R-HSA-197264: Nicotinamide salvaging
R-HSA-196807: Nicotinate metabolism
R-HSA-449147: Signaling by Interleukins
R-HSA-2142770: Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
R-HSA-2162123: Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Literatures that report relations between PTGS2 and anti-tumor immunity. The specific mechanism were also collected if the literature reports that a gene specifically promotes or inhibits the infiltration or function of T/NK cells.
> Text Mining
 
  Literatures describing the relation between PTGS2 and anti-tumor immunity in human cancer.
PMID Cancer type Relation to immunity Evidence sentences
28212885Myeloid NeoplasmInhibit immunity (T cell function)Human macrophages exposed to epinephrine and TNFα, or macrophages generated in 6day cultures in the presence of epinephrine, expressed high levels of COX-2, IDO and IL-10, and strongly suppressed both the proliferation and IFNγ production of CD8+T cells.
25261236Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityIn this study, we show that DCs isolated from patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer express high levels of the adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, which are sufficient to blunt antitumor immunity. AdipoR1 stimulated IL10 production by activating the AMPK and MAPKp38 pathways, whereas AdipoR2 modified inflammatory processes by activating the COX-2 and PPARγ pathways.
24605110Pancreatic CarcinomaInhibit immunity; immunotherapy targetThus, inhibiting PGE2 with a specific COX-2 inhibitor reverses the immunosuppressive and immature phenotype of KCM-derived MDSCs. This is the first report that clearly suggests a functional role of pancreatic tumor-associated MUC1 in the development of functional MDSCs.
24605110Pancreatic CarcinomaInhibit immunity; immunotherapy targetThus, inhibiting PGE2 with a specific COX-2 inhibitor reverses the immunosuppressive and immature phenotype of KCM-derived MDSCs. This is the first report that clearly suggests a functional role of pancreatic tumor-associated MUC1 in the development of functional MDSCs.
16489098Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityThe cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2) 8473T>C polymorphism is associated with breast cancer risk. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in carcinogenesis, immune response suppression, apoptosis inhibition, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
19265159Lung carcinomaInhibit immunityFurthermore, in vivo administration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor can significantly reduce MDSC accumulation in the Fas-overexpressing tumor.
16540672Lung CarcinomaInhibit immunityA single intratracheal administration of CCL21 gene-modified dendritic cells (DC-AdCCL21) led to a marked reduction in tumor burden with extensive mononuclear cell infiltration of the tumors. The reduction in tumor burden was accompanied by the enhanced elaboration of type 1 cytokines [IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor] and antiangiogenic chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) but a concomitant decrease in the immunosuppressive molecules (IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E(2)) in the tumor microenvironment. The DC-AdCCL21 therapy group revealed a significantly greater frequency of tumor-specific T cells releasing IFN-gamma compared with the controls.
27475305Colorectal CarcinomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)Aspirin use reduces colorectal cancer?risk. Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or cyclooxygenase-2); PTGS2 promotes inflammation and suppresses T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Compared with nonregular use, regular aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of tumors that had low levels of TILs (relative risk, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.81), and strength of the association depended on aspirin dose and duration (both Ptrend < .001).
23633486MelanomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)Further, this induction is largely dependent on production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) because its inhibition in these MDSC-like cells limits their ability to suppress T-cell function. We confirmed our findings with CD14(+) cells isolated from patients with advanced stage melanoma, which inhibited autologous T cells in a manner relying up prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), STAT-3, and superoxide.
19197941LymphomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)By analyzing freshly isolated TCRVgamma9Vdelta2(+) lymphocytes and primary cell lines stimulated with synthetic phosphoantigen or B-cell lymphoma cell lines in the presence of MSC, we demonstrated that MSC were potent suppressors of gammadelta-cell proliferation, cytokine production and cytolytic responses in vitro. This inhibition was mediated by the COX-2-dependent production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and by MSC through EP2 and EP4 inhibitory receptors expressed by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes.
19109152Pancreatic Ductal AdenocarcinomaInhibit immunityProgression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is significantly impeded with a combination of vaccine and COX-2 inhibition. The mechanism for the increased immune response was attributed to the down-regulation of circulating prostaglandin E(2) and indoleamine 2, 3,-dioxygenase enzymatic activity, as well as decreased levels of T regulatory and myeloid suppressor cells within the tumor microenvironment.
24004819Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)Systemic inhibition of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 decreases the risk of breast cancer and its recurrence. COX-2(MEC)KO tumors contained more CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic immune cells (CTL) consistent with increased immune surveillance.
21324923GliomaInhibit immunityBecause PGE? induces expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), we hypothesized that COX-2 blockade would suppress gliomagenesis by inhibiting MDSC development and accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Taken together, our findings show that the COX-2 pathway promotes gliomagenesis by directly supporting systemic development of MDSCs and their accumulation in the TME, where they limit CTL infiltration.
18648368Colon CacinomaInhibit immunityDespite studies strongly implicating tumour-expressed FasL as a major inhibitor of the anti-tumour immune response, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate FasL expression in tumours. In this study, we show that the cyclooxygenase (COX) signalling pathway, and in particular prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), plays a role in the upregulation of FasL expression in colon cancer.
18648368Colon CacinomaInhibit immunityDespite studies strongly implicating tumour-expressed FasL as a major inhibitor of the anti-tumour immune response, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate FasL expression in tumours. In this study, we show that the cyclooxygenase (COX) signalling pathway, and in particular prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), plays a role in the upregulation of FasL expression in colon cancer. Suppression of either COX-2 or COX-1 by RNA interference in HCA-7 and HT29 colon tumour cells reduced FasL expression at both the mRNA and protein level.
15958566Non-Small Cell Lung CarcinomaInhibit immunityCyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its product prostaglandin (PG) E2 underlie an immunosuppressive network that is important in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer. We conclude that inhibition of COX-2/PGE2 suppresses Treg cell activity and enhances antitumor responses.
15947685Bladder CarcinomaInhibit immunityThe inhibition of PGE2 synthesis by COX inhibition favored the production of IL-12 by BCG activated DC. This potentially will result in the generation of a T-helper type 1, polarized T-cell response that may improve the efficacy of BCG therapy.
28765120MelanomaInhibit immunity; Resistant to immunotherapyHere, we show that COX-2 expression drives constitutive expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in human tumor cells. In a series of seven human tumor lines, constitutive IDO1 expression depends on COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which, upon autocrine signaling through the EP receptor, activates IDO1 via the PKC and PI3K pathways. Our results highlight the role of COX-2 in constitutive IDO1 expression by human tumors and substantiate the use of COX-2 inhibitors to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, by reducing constitutive IDO1 expression, which contributes to the lack of T-cell infiltration in "cold" tumors, which fail to respond to immunotherapy.
24243648Brain NeoplasmInhibit immunity; Resistant to immunotherapyIntratumoral COX-2 inhibition enhances GM-CSF immunotherapy against established mouse GL261 brain tumors. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) is the key immunosuppressive product of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and increased levels of PGE2 and COX-2 have been shown in several tumor types, including brain tumors. In the current study, we report enhanced cure rate of mice with established mouse GL261 brain tumors when immunized with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secreting tumor cells and simultaneously treated with the selective COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib systemically (5 mg/kg/day; 69% cure rate) or valdecoxib intratumorally (5.3 µg/kg/day; 63% cure rate).
20234320Non-Small Cell Lung CarcinomaInhibit immunityThe recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with elevated COX-2 expression was significantly worse than that of patients without COX-2 expression.
21972293ovarian carcinomaInhibit immunityThe disruption of COX2-PGE(2) feedback using COX2 inhibitors or EP2 and EP4 antagonists suppresses the production of MDSC-associated suppressive factors and the CTL-inhibitory function of fully developed MDSCs from cancer patients.
16888001Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityEnhanced CTL activity was attributed to a significant decrease in levels of tumor-associated IDO, a negative regulator of T cell activity. We present data suggesting that inhibiting COX-2 activity in vivo regulates IDO expression within the tumor microenvironment; this is further corroborated in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line.
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content High-throughput screening data (e.g. CRISPR-Cas9, shRNA and RNAi) for T cell-mediated killing. Genetic screen techniques can identify mechanisms of tumor cell resistance (e.g., PTPN2) and sensitivity (e.g., APLNR) to killing by cytotoxic T cells, the central effectors of anti-tumor immunity. After comprehensively searching, eight groups of screening data sets were collected in the current database. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes cause resistance or increase sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing in various data sets.
> High-throughput Screening
  Statistical results of PTGS2 in screening data sets for detecting immune reponses.
PMID Screening System Cancer Type Cell Line Data Set Statistical Results Relation to immunity
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10Pmel-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10OT-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
28783722CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaMel6242CT-CRISPR NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX+Anti-PD1 NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX NA/NSNA/NS
25691366RNAiBreast cancerMCF7Luc-CTL assay NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Primary screen NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Secondary screen NA/NSNA/NS
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Transcriptomic and genomic profiling of pre-treated tumor biopsies from responders and non-responders to immunotherapy. These data were used to identify signatures and mechanisms of response to checkpoint blockade (e.g., anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1). One example is that mutations in the gene PBRM1 benefit clinical survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. After comprehensively searching, we collected 5 and 6 of transcriptomic and genomic data sets, respectively. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes have significant difference of expression or mutation between responders and non-responders in various data sets.
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the expression difference of PTGS2 in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes Log2 (Fold Change) P value Anno
126997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)14120.2320.635
226997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)65-0.9060.273
326997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)871.0610.131
428552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 916-1.4510.0286
528552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 59-1.6520.432
628552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 47-1.1980.647
729033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 26230.1050.865
829033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 1511-0.7680.489
929033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 11121.2130.263
1029301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 480.0070.991
1129301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 2001
1229301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 280.2580.741
1329443960Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 68230-0.4980.0302
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the mutation difference of PTGS2 in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes % Mut/Res % Mut/NRes % Diff (R vs NR) Pval Anno
125765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)allAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 14170001
225765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 1030001
325765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)non-smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 4140001
426359337MelanomaallAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 277311.11.49.70.0589
526359337MelanomaBRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 0140001
626359337Melanomanon-BRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 275911.11.79.40.0895
726997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)21170001
826997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)860001
926997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)13110001
1028552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 9160001
1128552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 590001
1228552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 470001
1329033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 38270001
1429033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 22130001
1529033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 16140001
1629301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 11130001
1729301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 610001
1829301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 5120001
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of PTGS2. The immune-related signatures of 28 TIL types from Charoentong's study, which can be viewed in the download page. For each cancer type, the relative abundance of TILs were inferred by using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) based on gene expression profile. In this tab, users can examine which kinds of TILs might be regulated by the current gene.
> Lymphocyte
 
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between three kinds of immunomodulators and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of PTGS2. These immunomo-dulators were collected from Charoentong's study. In this tab, users can examine which immunomodulators might be regulated by PTGS2.
> Immunoinhibitor
> Immunostimulator
> MHC molecule
> Immunoinhibitor
 
> Immunostimulator
 
> MHC molecule
 
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between chemokines (or receptors) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of PTGS2. In this tab, users can examine which chemokines (or receptors) might be regulated by the current gene.
> Chemokine
> Receptor
> Chemokine
 
> Receptor
 
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Distribution of PTGS2 expression across immune and molecular subtypes.
> Immune subtype
> Molecular subtype
> Immune subtype
 
> Molecular subtype
 
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Associations between PTGS2 and clinical features.
> Overall survival analysis
> Cancer stage
> Tumor grade
> Overall survival
 
> Stage
 
> Grade
 
Summary
SymbolPTGS2
Nameprostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Aliases COX-2; GRIPGHS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2; PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase ......
Chromosomal Location1q25.2-q25.3
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Drugs targeting PTGS2 collected from DrugBank database.
> Drugs from DrugBank database
 

  Details on drugs targeting PTGS2.
ID Name Drug Type Targets #Targets
DB00154Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acidSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00159IcosapentSmall MoleculeACSL3, ACSL4, FADS1, FFAR1, PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS2, SLC ......11
DB00233Aminosalicylic AcidSmall MoleculeALOX5, CHUK, PLA2G2E, PTGS24
DB00244MesalazineSmall MoleculeALOX5, CHUK, IKBKB, MPO, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS27
DB00316AcetaminophenSmall MoleculeFAAH, GSTP1, PTGS1, PTGS2, TRPV15
DB00328IndomethacinSmall MoleculeAKR1C3, GLO1, PLA2G2A, PPARA, PPARG, PTGDR2, PTGR2, PTGS1, PTGS29
DB00461NabumetoneSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00465KetorolacSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00469TenoxicamSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00480LenalidomideSmall MoleculeCDH5, CRBN, PTGS2, TNFSF114
DB00482CelecoxibSmall MoleculeCA2, CA3, PDPK1, PTGS24
DB00500TolmetinSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00533RofecoxibSmall MoleculeELN, PTGS22
DB00554PiroxicamSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00573FenoprofenSmall MoleculePPARA, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS24
DB00580ValdecoxibSmall MoleculeCA2, CA3, PTGS23
DB00586DiclofenacSmall MoleculeALOX5, ASIC1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, PLA2G2A, PTGS1, PTGS2, SCN4A8
DB00605SulindacSmall MoleculeAKR1B1, AKR1B10, MAPK3, PPARD, PTGDR2, PTGS1, PTGS27
DB00712FlurbiprofenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00749EtodolacSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS2, RXRA3
DB00784Mefenamic acidSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00788NaproxenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00795SulfasalazineSmall MoleculeACAT1, ALOX5, CHUK, IKBKB, PLA2G1B, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS2, SLC7A11, ......10
DB00812PhenylbutazoneSmall MoleculePTGIS, PTGS1, PTGS23
DB00814MeloxicamSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00821CarprofenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00861DiflunisalSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00870SuprofenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00936Salicylic acidSmall MoleculeAKR1C1, PTGS1, PTGS23
DB00939Meclofenamic acidSmall MoleculeALOX5, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, PTGS1, PTGS25
DB00945Acetylsalicylic acidSmall MoleculeAKR1C1, EDNRA, HSPA5, IKBKB, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, ......18
DB00963BromfenacSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB00991OxaprozinSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01009KetoprofenSmall MoleculeCXCR1, PTGS1, PTGS23
DB01014BalsalazideSmall MoleculeALOX5, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS24
DB01041ThalidomideSmall MoleculeCRBN, FGFR2, NFKB1, ORM1, ORM2, PTGS2, TNF7
DB01050IbuprofenSmall MoleculeBCL2, CFTR, FABP2, PLAT, PPARA, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS2, SLC15A1, THBD10
DB01283LumiracoxibSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01397Magnesium salicylateSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01399SalsalateSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01401Choline magnesium trisalicylateSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01404GinsengSmall MoleculeAHR, IL6, PTGS23
DB01419AntrafenineSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01435AntipyrineSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01600Tiaprofenic acidSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB01628EtoricoxibSmall MoleculePTGS21
DB02266Flufenamic AcidSmall MoleculeAKR1C3, AR, PPARA, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS26
DB02709ResveratrolSmall MoleculeAHR, AKT1, ALOX15, ALOX5, APP, CBR1, CLEC14A, CSNK2A1, ESR1, ITGA5 ......25
DB034771-Phenylsulfonamide-3-Trifluoromethyl-5-ParabromophenylpyrazoleSmall MoleculePTGS21
DB03866Prostaglandin G2Small MoleculePTGS21
DB04552Niflumic AcidSmall MoleculeCLCNKA, PLA2G1B, PLA2G4A, PTGS1, PTGS25
DB04725LicofeloneSmall MoleculeALOX5, PLA2G2E, PTGS23
DB04743NimesulideSmall MoleculeLTF, PLA2G2E, PTGS23
DB05095CimicoxibSmall MoleculePTGS21
DB06725LornoxicamSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB06736AceclofenacSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB06802NepafenacSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB08439ParecoxibSmall MoleculeLTF, PTGS22
DB08910PomalidomideSmall MoleculeCRBN, PTGS2, TNF3
DB09212LoxoprofenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB09213DexibuprofenSmall MoleculeBCL2, CFTR, FABP2, PLAT, PPARG, PTGS1, PTGS2, THBD8
DB09214DexketoprofenSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB09215DroxicamSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB09216Tolfenamic AcidSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB09217FirocoxibSmall MoleculePTGS21
DB09285MorniflumateSmall MoleculeALOX5, LTB4R, PTGS2, TBXA2R4
DB09288PropacetamolSmall MoleculeCNR1, PTGS1, PTGS2, TRPV14
DB09295TalniflumateSmall MoleculeCLCNKA, PTGS1, PTGS23
DB11079Trolamine salicylateSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22
DB13167AlclofenacSmall MoleculePTGS21
DB13783AcemetacinSmall MoleculePTGS1, PTGS22